Sworn oath to not provide liquor to slaves; liquor license.

John F. Cutter attests to not provide or sell liquor to any slaves. Aiken, Barnwell District, South Carolina, 1859.https://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/littlejohnmss/1317/thumbnail.jp

Pylons in the back yard: local planning and perceived risks to health

Health fears arising from the presence of high-voltage power lines in residential areas have received recent attention in spatial planning. A study of stances taken by planning authorities in England and Wales shows their willingness to give expression to the concerns of local communities through precautionary measures, and the difficulties encountered in the face of official statements and industry opposition. These attempts to embody local feeling in patterns of development are illustrative of the increasing prevalence of a sense of risk in contemporary society. The spatial patterns of risk are also revealed, which owe much to the presence and distribution of industrial infrastructure in the landscape and to the associated contested use of land.</p

River discharge study, Laughlin, Nevada: Field survey data, 1987

A report of the first field data collection effort for the Laughlin River Discharge Study, conducted by Kennedy/Jenks/ChiIton in February, 1987, on the Mohave Reach of the Colorado River. This report also serves to transmit the laboratory analysis reports for all of the analyses performed and summary tables of the results. This report is organized as follows: 1. Field Conditions and Methodology 2. Summary of Sampling and Analysis Results 3. Deviations from the Proposed Sampling Program 4. Recommendations for Future Sampling 5. Attachments: A. Climatological Data B. Davis Dam Average Hourly Releases C. Laboratory Analysis Report

River discharge study, Laughlin, Nevada: Colorado River model and diffusion study

A water quality modeling study of the Mohave Reach of the Lower Colorado River (from Davis Dam to the Nevada/California Stateline) was conducted to evaluate potential water quality impacts resulting from a proposed Laughlin, Nevada wastewater effluent discharge. The study included four major components: (1) review of the current regulatory framework; (2) a field data collection program to document existing water quality conditions in winter, summer, and fall; (3) development and verification of far-field and near-field (mixing zone) water quality models; and (4) application of the models to project future river quality conditions for several treatment-discharge alternatives as well as a no-discharge alternative. Water quality criteria established by Arizona and California for the Colorado River are less stringent than those established by Nevada. The State of Nevada\u27s Requirements to Maintain Existing Higher Quality for the Colorado River below Davis Dam (NAC 445.13495) are based on a strict interpretation of the Federal anti-degradation regulations, which have not yet been addressed by Arizona or California. For example, review of the Arizona and California regulatory framework showed that neither state\u27s water quality criteria would dictate phosphorus removal and only California requires dechlorination of an effluent discharge. A steady state water quality model of the Mohave Reach was developed using the EPA QUAL-2E program and verified against data from three water quality sampling programs conducted in 1987. The only direct wastewater discharge currently entering the Mohave Reach is the effluent from the River Bend wastewater treatment plant in Bullhead City, Arizona. The discharge from Bullhead City and the proposed discharge from Laughlin were the only point loadings simulated in the model. The major water user in the Reach is the Southern California Edison Mohave Generating Plant which has an average withdrawal rate of 18 cfs. A mixing zone model was also developed to estimate dilutions downstream of the proposed outfall at Laughlin, for various diffuser configurations. The model was calibrated for lateral mixing conditions in the river using data collected during a dye diffusion test (1987). It was assumed that the location of the discharge would be on the Nevada side of the River, just below the Laughlin Bridge. The study demonstrated that existing water quality in the Mohave Reach is usually in compliance with the State of Nevada and Federal regulatory requirements, and that the proposed discharge at Laughlin, with additional treatment beyond secondary, will not cause river quality to exceed these requirements for discharges up to 7 MGD. The treatment processes recommended are phosphorus removal and dechlorination. Under WP283A 1-1 868834 these conditions, adequate assimilative capacity is available for equivalent wastewater loadings from Arizona without measurably affecting compliance with water quality objectives

Managed Aquifer Recharge as a Tool to Enhance Sustainable Groundwater Management in California

A growing population and an increased demand for water resources have resulted in a global trend of groundwater depletion. Arid and semi-arid climates are particularly susceptible, often relying on groundwater to support large population centers or irrigated agriculture in the absence of sufficient surface water resources. In an effort to increase the security of groundwater resources, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) programs have been developed and implemented globally. MAR is the approach of intentionally harvesting and infiltrating water to recharge depleted aquifer storage. California is a prime example of this growing problem, with three cities that have over a million residents and an agricultural industry that was valued at 47 billion dollars in 2015. The present-day groundwater overdraft of over 100 km3 (since 1962) indicates a clear disparity between surface water supply and water demand within the state. In the face of groundwater overdraft and the anticipated effects of climate change, many new MAR projects are being constructed or investigated throughout California, adding to those that have existed for decades. Some common MAR types utilized in California include injection wells, infiltration basins (also known as spreading basins, percolation basins, or recharge basins), and low-impact development. An emerging MAR type that is actively being investigated is the winter flooding of agricultural fields using existing irrigation infrastructure and excess surface water resources, known as agricultural MAR. California therefore provides an excellent case study to look at the historical use and performance of MAR, ongoing and emerging challenges, novel MAR applications, and the potential for expansion of MAR. Effective MAR projects are an essential tool for increasing groundwater security, both in California and on a global scale. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the most common MAR types and applications within the State of California and neighboring semi-arid regions

Radical nostalgia, progressive patriotism and Labour's 'English problem'

‘Progressive patriots’ have long argued that Englishness can form the basis of a transformative political project, whether based on an historic tradition of resistance to state power or an open and cosmopolitan identity. However, this article suggests that the politics of Englishness present a number of specific dilemmas for Labour. First the historical narrative of a radical tradition in British history is not straightforwardly English and cannot easily be used to support a competitive politics of nationhood, in the way that disaffected English identifiers might desire. Second, the deliberately alternative nature of this ‘radical nostalgic’ narrative makes it an unlikely basis for a unifying national story. It is also at odds with Labour’s status as a successful party of government, committed to using the power of the British state, rather than opposing it. Finally, while ‘everyday Englishness’ may well align with core Labour values and be less socially conservative, intolerant or racially exclusive than it is often described, its very nature as an everyday practice, rather than a political identity makes it difficult for Labour to co-opt

Water Quality Trends at Inflows to Everglades National Park, 1977–2005

Restoration of the Florida Everglades is important for the health of the natural system, including both the &quot;River of Grass&quot; and its downstream estuaries. Water quality improvement is one indicator of successful restoration in this complex ecosystem. Using the period of record of 1977 through 2005, we evaluated data from seven infl ow sites to the Everglades National Park (ENP) for temporal trends of various forms of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and analyzed them using principal component analysis and factor analysis without fl ow adjustments. Locally estimated scatter plot smoothing (LOESS) trend lines identifi ed two infl ection points (three time periods) of changing trend in total P (TP) concentration at the seven sites. Results indicated that overall water quality in ENP infl ow improved from 1977 to 2005, with signifi cant downward trends in TP concentration. Th e overall trend of TP is probably mediated by hydrology, which is evident by a negative relationship between fl ow and annual average TP concentration at the majority of stations within the available data, although additional changes in vegetation due to hydroperiod may have some eff ects. Total N (TN), total Kjeldahl N, and total organic N concentrations also generally decreased at infl ow sites. Water quality standards for TP, TN, and NH 4 + -N were exceeded at selected sites during the study period. Principle component analysis and factor analysis detected a grouping of sampling sites related to the water delivery system that could be used as indicators to better manage monitoring resources. Study results suggest that water quality data analyses could provide additional insight into the success of a restoration management plan and on how monitoring may be modifi ed for more effi cient use of resources

Building local capacity in the arts

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis GroupThe importance of place-based funding and local policy initiatives is evident in policy literature internationally with concepts of creative cities and cultural regeneration building in prominence since the 1990s. Such literature makes the case that investment in arts and culture will bring broader social and economic benefits at a local level, but in practice investment and research has prioritised a small number of metropolitan arts venues and mega events over a larger rural or community-based infrastructure. This paper in contrast explores two case studies of cultural planning in small towns. It analyses the relationship between policy and practice in these specific community contexts and considers the role of participatory decision-making in developing a local arts infrastructure. The findings suggest that locally based initiatives can build capacity and engagement with the arts. But it further argues that this requires long-term commitment and investment, to facilitate shared decision-making between professionals and public

Family stories, public silence: Irish identity construction amongst the second-generation Irish in England

Formal narratives of history, especially that of colonial oppression, have been central to the construction of national identities in Ireland. But the Irish diasporic community in Britain has been cut off from the reproduction of these narratives, most notably by their absence from the curriculum of Catholic schools, as result of the unofficial 'denationalisation' pact agreed by the Church in the 19th century (Hickman, 1995). The reproduction of Irish identities is largely a private matter, carried out within the home through family accounts of local connections, often reinforced by extended visits to parent/s 'home' areas. Recapturing a public dimension has often become a personal quest in adulthood, 'filling in the gaps'. This paper explores constructions of narratives of nation by a key diasporic population, those with one or two Irish-born parents. It places particular emphasis on varying regional/national contexts within which such constructions take place, drawing on focus group discussions and interviews for the ESRC-funded Irish 2 Project in five locations — London, Glasgow, Manchester, Coventry and Banbury

Effectiveness of community based safe motherhood promoters in improving the utilization of obstetric care. The case of Mtwara Rural District in Tanzania

In Tanzania, maternal mortality ratio remains unacceptably high at 578/100,000 live births. Despite a high coverage of antenatal care (96%), only 44% of deliveries take place within the formal health services. Still, "Ensure skilled attendant at birth" is acknowledged as one of the most effective interventions to reduce maternal deaths. Exploring the potential of community-based interventions in increasing the utilization of obstetric care, the study aimed at developing, testing and assessing a community-based safe motherhood intervention in Mtwara rural District of Tanzania. This community-based intervention was designed as a pre-post comparison study, covering 4 villages with a total population of 8300. Intervention activities were implemented by 50 trained safe motherhood promoters (SMPs). Their tasks focused on promoting early and complete antenatal care visits and delivery with a skilled attendant. Data on all 512 deliveries taking place from October 2004 to November 2006 were collected by the SMPs and cross-checked with health service records. In addition 242 respondents were interviewed with respect to knowledge on safe motherhood issues and their perception of the SMP's performance. Skilled delivery attendance was our primary outcome; secondary outcomes included antenatal care attendance and knowledge on Safe Motherhood issues. Deliveries with skilled attendant significantly increased from 34.1% to 51.4% (rho < 0.05). Early ANC booking (4 to 16 weeks) rose significantly from 18.7% at baseline to 37.7% in 2005 and 56.9% (rho < 0.001) at final assessment. After two years 44 (88%) of the SMPs were still active, 79% of pregnant women were visited. Further benefits included the enhancement of male involvement in safe motherhood issues. The study has demonstrated the effectiveness of community-based safe motherhood intervention in promoting the utilization of obstetric care and a skilled attendant at delivery. This improvement is attributed to the SMPs' home visits and the close collaboration with existing community structures as well as health services