Dual Effect of Azospirillum Exopolysaccharides (EPS) on the Enhancement of Plant Growth and Biocontrol of Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) Disease in Upland Rice (var. ASD-19)

The dual effect of exopolysaccharides of Azospirillum isolates viz., A-17, A-18, A-26 and A-37 and certain ISR inducing chemicals viz., Salicylic acid, Jasmonic acid and Azibenzolar on the enhancement of plant growth and bio-control against blast disease in upland rice crop was studied under in-vitro condition. It was observed that the application of EPS, collected from Azospirillum isolates, augmented the height of rice plant and reduced the blast disease incidence in upland rice to a higher level when compared to the application of ISR inducing chemicals alone. Eventhough,  the application of ISR inducing chemicals was found to reduce the blast disease incidence, as in the case of purified EPS application of Azospirillum isolates, but did not augment the growth of rice plant and clearly revealed the absence of phytostimulatory activities of ISR inducing chemicals.The study on the optimization of different concentrations of purified EPS viz., 100, 200, 300 ppm on the blast disease incidence of rice revealed that the application of the same at 200 ppm concentration could effectively controlled the disease incidence to a higher level when compared to other concentration.The results of the present study clearly revealed the dual effect of Azospirillum EPS on the enhancement of host plant growth as well as the bio-control against Pyricularia oryzae whereas the application of ISR inducing chemicals confined with reduction in blast disease incidence alone. Moreover, the Azospirillum EPS at a concentration of 200 ppm level could be optimized as effective one for the control of blast disease in upland rice

Evaluation of activated high volume fly ash systems using Na2SO4, lime and quicklime in mortars with high loss on ignition fly ashes

In general, concretes made with blended Portland cement containing high volumes of fly ash provide an alternative to conventional Portland cement concrete to enable carbon footprint reduction. This study evaluates the chemical activation of four fly ashes in blends with Portland cement, by assessing their effects on hydration and compressive strength. In this study, a sieving process is used to regulate the fly ash composition, which has an effect in the chemistry and reaction of the mix. The results show the importance of the amorphous content of the fly ash with respect to achieving a high compressive strength. The effect of sodium sulfate, added as an activator, is significant in terms of compressive strength at early age for two of the fly ashes studied; in this case, the parameter used to correlate with the compressive strength evolution is the amount of portlandite consumed through pozzolanic reactions. However, sodium sulfate does not have the same effect on fly ashes with a high amount of Fe2O3, in which portlandite consumption is much lower

The Most Common Comorbidities in Dandy-Walker Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.

OBJECTIVE: Dandy-Walker syndrome (DWS) is a rare neurologic multi-entity malformation. This review aimed at reporting its main nonneurologic comorbidities. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, search in Medline was conducted (2000-2014, keyword: dandy-walker). Age, sex, country, DWS type, consanguinity or siblings with DWS, and recorded coexistent conditions (by ICD10 category) were extracted for 187 patients (46.5% male, 43% from Asia) from 168 case reports. RESULTS: Diagnosis was most often set in 12 years old (27.8%). One-third of cases had a chromosomal abnormality or syndrome (n = 8 PHACE), 27% had a cardiovascular condition (n = 7 Patent Ductus Arteriosus), 24% had a disease of eye and ear (n = 9 cataract); most common malignancy was nephroblastoma (n = 8, all Asian). Almost one-fifth had a mental illness diagnosis; only 6.4% had mild or severe intellectual disability. CONCLUSION: The spread of comorbidities calls for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary research and practice, especially as many cases remain clinically asymptomatic for years

From risk factors to detection and intervention: a practical proposal for future work on cyberbullying

While there is an increasing flow of media stories reporting cases of cyberbullying, particularly within online social media, research efforts in the academic community are scattered over different topics across the social science and computer science academic disciplines. In this work, we explored research pertaining to cyberbullying, conducted across disciplines. We mainly sought to understand scholarly activity on intelligence techniques for the detection of cyberbullying when it occurs. Our findings suggest that the vast majority of academic contributions on cyberbullying focus on understanding the phenomenon, risk factors, and threats, with the prospect of suggesting possible protection strategies. There is less work on intelligence techniques for the detection of cyberbullying when it occurs, while currently deployed algorithms seem to detect the problem only up to some degree of success. The article summarises the current trends aiming to encourage discussion and research with a new scope; we call for more research tackling the problem by leveraging statistical models and computational mechanisms geared to detect, intervene, and prevent cyberbullying. Coupling intelligence techniques with specific web technology problems can help combat this social menace. We argue that a multidisciplinary approach is needed, with expertise from human–computer interaction, psychology, computer science, and sociology, for current challenges to be addressed and significant progress to be made

NIOX VERO: Individualized Asthma Management in Clinical Practice

As we move toward an era of precision medicine, novel biomarkers of disease will enable the identification and personalized treatment of new endotypes. In asthma, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) serves as a surrogate marker of airway inflammation that often correlates with the presence of sputum eosinophils. The increase in FeNO is driven by an upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by cytokines, which are released as a result of type-2 airway inflammation. Scientific evidence supports using FeNO in routine clinical practice. In steroid-naive patients and in patients with mild asthma, FeNO levels decrease within days after corticosteroid treatment in a dose-dependent fashion and increase after steroid withdrawal. In difficult asthma, FeNO testing correlates with anti-inflammatory therapy compliance. Assessing adherence by FeNO testing can remove the confrontational aspect of questioning a patient about compliance and change the conversation to one of goal setting and ways to improve disease management. However, the most important aspect of incorporating FeNO in asthma management is the reduction in the risk of exacerbations. In a recent primary care study, reduction of exacerbation rates and improved symptom control without increasing overall inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use were demonstrated when a FeNO-guided anti-inflammatory treatment algorithm was assessed and compared to the standard care. A truly personalized asthma management approach—showing reduction of exacerbation rates, overall use of ICS and neonatal hospitalizations—was demonstrated when FeNO testing was applied as part of the treatment algorithm that managed asthma during pregnancy. The aim of this article is to describe how FeNO and the NIOX VERO® analyzer can help to optimize diagnosis and treatment choices and to aid in the monitoring and improvement of clinical asthma outcomes in children and adults

Effect of mixture proportions on the drying shrinkage and permeation properties of high strength concrete containing class F fly ash

Sustainability of concrete can be improved by using large volume of fly ash as a replacement of cement and by ensuring improved durability of concrete. Durability of concrete containing large volume of class F fly ash is dependent on the design of mixture proportions. This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of mixture proportions on the drying shrinkage and permeation properties of high strength concrete containing large volume local class F fly ash. Concrete mixtures were designed with and without adjustments in the water to binder ratio (w/b) and the total binder content to take into account the incorporation of fly ash up to 40% of total binder. Concretes, in which the mixture proportions were adjusted for fly ash inclusion achieved equivalent strength of the control concrete and showed enhanced properties of drying shrinkage, sorptivity, water permeability and chloride penetration as compared to the control concrete. The improvement of durability properties was less significant when no adjustments were made to the w/b ratio and total binder content. The results show the necessity of the adjustments in mixture proportions of concrete to achieve improved durability properties when using class F fly ash as a cement replacement

Quantifying Sources of Variability in Infancy Research Using the Infant-Directed-Speech Preference

Psychological scientists have become increasingly concerned with issues related to methodology and replicability, and infancy researchers in particular face specific challenges related to replicability: For example, high-powered studies are difficult to conduct, testing conditions vary across labs, and different labs have access to different infant populations. Addressing these concerns, we report on a large-scale, multisite study aimed at (a) assessing the overall replicability of a single theoretically important phenomenon and (b) examining methodological, cultural, and developmental moderators. We focus on infants’ preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS). Stimuli of mothers speaking to their infants and to an adult in North American English were created using seminaturalistic laboratory-based audio recordings. Infants’ relative preference for IDS and ADS was assessed across 67 laboratories in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia using the three common methods for measuring infants’ discrimination (head-turn preference, central fixation, and eye tracking). The overall meta-analytic effect size (Cohen’s d) was 0.35, 95% confidence interval = [0.29, 0.42], which was reliably above zero but smaller than the meta-analytic mean computed from previous literature (0.67). The IDS preference was significantly stronger in older children, in those children for whom the stimuli matched their native language and dialect, and in data from labs using the head-turn preference procedure. Together, these findings replicate the IDS preference but suggest that its magnitude is modulated by development, native-language experience, and testing procedure

Anemia and growth failure among HIV-infected children in India: a retrospective analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anemia and poor nutrition have been previously described as independent risk factors for death among HIV-infected children. We sought to describe nutritional status, anemia burden and HIV disease correlates among infected children in India.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We analyzed retrospective data from 248 HIV-infected children aged 1–12 years attending three outpatient clinics in South India (2004–2006). Standard WHO definitions were used for anemia, HIV staging and growth parameters. Statistical analysis included chi square, t tests, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall prevalence of anemia (defined as hemoglobin < 11 gm/dL) was 66%, and 8% had severe anemia (Hb < 7 gm/dL). The proportion of underweight and stunted children in the population was 55% and 46% respectively. Independent risk factors of anemia by multivariate analysis included the pre-school age group (age younger than 6 years) (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.45, 5.70; p < 0.01), rural residence (OR: 12.04; 95% CI: 5.64, 26.00; p < 0.01), advanced HIV disease stage (OR: 6.95; 95% CI: 3.06, 15.79; p < 0.01) and presence of stunting (Height-for-age Z Score < -2) (OR: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.65, 6.35; p < 0.01). Use of iron/multivitamin supplementation was protective against risk of anemia (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.90; p = 0.03). Pulmonary tuberculosis was an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 1.43, 7.89; p < 0.01) when correlated variables such as HIV disease stage and severe immunodeficiency, and nutritional supplement use were not included. Use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with a reduced risk of anemia (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53; p < 0.01). No significant association was found between anemia and gender, cotrimoxazole, or ART type (zidovudine versus stavudine).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The high prevalence and strong interrelationship of anemia and poor nutrition among HIV-infected children in India, particularly those living in rural areas underscores the need for incorporating targeted nutritional interventions during national scale up of care, support and treatment among HIV-infected children.</p

Quantifying sources of variability in infancy research using the infant-directed-speech preference

Psychological scientists have become increasingly concerned with issues related to methodology and replicability, and infancy researchers in particular face specific challenges related to replicability: For example, high-powered studies are difficult to conduct, testing conditions vary across labs, and different labs have access to different infant populations. Addressing these concerns, we report on a large-scale, multisite study aimed at (a) assessing the overall replicability of a single theoretically important phenomenon and (b) examining methodological, cultural, and developmental moderators. We focus on infants’ preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS). Stimuli of mothers speaking to their infants and to an adult in North American English were created using seminaturalistic laboratory-based audio recordings. Infants’ relative preference for IDS and ADS was assessed across 67 laboratories in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia using the three common methods for measuring infants’ discrimination (head-turn preference, central fixation, and eye tracking). The overall meta-analytic effect size (Cohen’s d) was 0.35, 95% confidence interval = [0.29, 0.42], which was reliably above zero but smaller than the meta-analytic mean computed from previous literature (0.67). The IDS preference was significantly stronger in older children, in those children for whom the stimuli matched their native language and dialect, and in data from labs using the head-turn preference procedure. Together, these findings replicate the IDS preference but suggest that its magnitude is modulated by development, native-language experience, and testing procedure. (This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 798658.