Continuous Learning in a Hierarchical Multiscale Neural Network

We reformulate the problem of encoding a multi-scale representation of a sequence in a language model by casting it in a continuous learning framework. We propose a hierarchical multi-scale language model in which short time-scale dependencies are encoded in the hidden state of a lower-level recurrent neural network while longer time-scale dependencies are encoded in the dynamic of the lower-level network by having a meta-learner update the weights of the lower-level neural network in an online meta-learning fashion. We use elastic weights consolidation as a higher-level to prevent catastrophic forgetting in our continuous learning framework.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted as short paper at ACL 201

Transmission Characteristics of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic: Comparison of 8 Southern Hemisphere Countries

While in Northern hemisphere countries, the pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm) was introduced outside of the typical influenza season, Southern hemisphere countries experienced a single wave of transmission during their 2009 winter season. This provides a unique opportunity to compare the spread of a single virus in different countries and study the factors influencing its transmission. Here, we estimate and compare transmission characteristics of H1N1pdm for eight Southern hemisphere countries/states: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa and Victoria (Australia). Weekly incidence of cases and age-distribution of cumulative cases were extracted from public reports of countries' surveillance systems. Estimates of the reproduction numbers, R0, empirically derived from the country-epidemics' early exponential phase, were positively associated with the proportion of children in the populations (p = 0.004). To explore the role of demography in explaining differences in transmission intensity, we then fitted a dynamic age-structured model of influenza transmission to available incidence data for each country independently, and for all the countries simultaneously. Posterior median estimates of R0 ranged 1.2–1.8 for the country-specific fits, and 1.29–1.47 for the global fits. Corresponding estimates for overall attack-rate were in the range 20–50%. All model fits indicated a significant decrease in susceptibility to infection with age. These results confirm the transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was relatively low compared with past pandemics. The pattern of age-dependent susceptibility found confirms that older populations had substantial – though partial - pre-existing immunity, presumably due to exposure to heterologous influenza strains. Our analysis indicates that between-country-differences in transmission were at least partly due to differences in population demography

Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus: Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009

International audienceBACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Island and risk factors of infection, during the 2009 season.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A serosurvey was conducted during the 2009 austral winter, in the frame of a prospective population study. Pairs of sera were collected from 1687 individuals belonging to 772 households, during and after passage of the pandemic wave. Antibodies to pH1N1/2009v were titered using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) with titers ≥ 1/40 being considered positive. Seroprevalence during the first two weeks of detection of pH1N1/2009v in Reunion Island was 29.8% in people under 20 years of age, 35.6% in adults (20-59 years) and 73.3% in the elderly (≥ 60 years) (P<0.0001). Baseline corrected cumulative incidence rates, were 42.9%, 13.9% and 0% in these age groups respectively (P<0.0001). A significant decline in antibody titers occurred soon after the passage of the epidemic wave. Seroconversion rates to pH1N1/2009 correlated negatively with age: 63.2%, 39.4% and 16.7%, in each age group respectively (P<0.0001). Seroconversion occurred in 65.2% of individuals who were seronegative at inclusion compared to 6.8% in those who were initially seropositive.CONCLUSIONS: Seroincidence of pH1N1/2009v infection was three times that estimated from clinical surveillance, indicating that almost two thirds of infections occurring at the community level have escaped medical detection. People under 20 years of age were the most affected group. Pre-epidemic titers ≥ 1/40 prevented seroconversion and are likely protective against infection. A concern was raised about the long term stability of the antibody responses

Marine and coastal ecosystem services on the science–policy–practice nexus: challenges and opportunities from 11 European case studies

We compared and contrasted 11 European case studies to identify challenges and opportunitiestoward the operationalization of marine and coastal ecosystem service (MCES) assessments inEurope. This work is the output of a panel convened by the Marine Working Group of theEcosystemServices Partnership in September 2016. TheMCES assessments were used to (1) addressmultiple policy objectives simultaneously, (2) interpret EU-wide policies to smaller scales and (3)inform local decision-making. Most of the studies did inform decision makers, but only in a fewcases, the outputswere applied or informed decision-making. Significant limitations among the 11assessments were the absence of shared understanding of the ES concept, data and knowledgegaps, difficulties in accounting for marine social–ecological systems complexity and partial stakeholderinvolvement. The findings of the expert panel call for continuous involvement of MCES ‘endusers’, integrated knowledge onmarine social–ecological systems, defining thresholds to MCES useand raising awareness to the general public. Such improvements at the intersection of science,policy and practice are essential starting points toward building a stronger science foundationsupporting management of European marine ecosystems

Autobiographie ou autofiction chez Amélie Nothomb ?

In his book Poetics, Aristotle uses the word mimèsis to describe the imitative arts, that is to say the different poetic forms and the representation of reality in literature. However, with the literary critic of the twentieth century, the authors have begun to analyze the literature to consider it only from itself, leaving the repository world outside of this analysis. This separation of the two worlds inevitably leads us to pose a question of the autobiography as if literature is detached from its referent, that is to say, the real world, what identity should be given to the «I» that appears in autobiographical novels

Study of the the pandemic Flu 2009 in France and in Bolivia

Par le passé les virus influenza A ont montré leur capacité d’émergence dans la population humaine. En 2009, l’apparition d’un nouveau variant réassortant a provoqué une pandémie. Ces travaux avaient pour objectifs d’étudier la propagation de la pandémie en France et Bolivie. Premièrement en Franve avec l’étude sérologique d’une population hospitalière et la surveillance hebdomadaire mise en place grâce au programme SéroGrippeHebdo. La séroprévalence prépandémique était de plus de 20% (au1/80) chez les plus de 60ans et de moins de 10% dans les autres groupes. Il a été possible de calculer un taux d’attaque d’environ 12% au sein de la population française métropolitaine. Mais aussi d’observer la perte d’anticorps rapide après le pic d’infection. Les taux de séroconversions les plus importants étaient chez les 0-24 ans (23.4%). La deuxième partie de ce travail s’est déroulée à Santa Cruz de la Sierra, en Bolivie. Le programme CoPanFlu international en association avec le CENETROP a permis l’étude de la sérologie sur une cohorte de foyers en 2010. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé les pathogènes respiratoires de 2010 à 2012 à Santa Cruz. La grippe représente entre 40 et 58% des cas chaque années, suivie des rhinovirus, des coronavirus et des VRS. L’épidémiologie moléculaire des virus influenza a mis au jour un cluster de circulation sud américain pour les virus H1N1(2009).Les sérologies pré-pandémiques montrent une séroprévalence de 23% pour les ≥60ans. Après la pandémie la distribution par tranche d’âge est différente entre les villes de haute altitude et les autres.Enfin une estimation de la séroconversion montre que les jeunes adultes entre 20-39 sont les plus touchés.Influenza viruses A have shown their ability to emerge in the human population and in 2009, the appearance of a new variant has caused a pandemia. The objective of this work was to study the pandemia’s spread in France and in Bolivia.In France, first, with the serological study of a hospital population and the weekly supervision established with SeroGrippeHebdo. The prepandemic seroprevalence was more than 20%(au1/80) for the >sixty years, and less than 10% in the others groups. It was possible to reckon an attack rate for about 12% in the metropolitan French population, and to observe a quick loss of antibody after the infection rate. Most important seroconversion rates concerned the 0-24 years(23.4%).The second part of this work took place in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, developing country in the tropical zone of South America. The international CoPanFlu in partnership with the CENETROP, has enabled to study serology among a cohort of families in 2010. Moreover, we have characterized etiologies of respiratory pathogenesis from 2010 to 2012, in Santa Cruz. Flu represented about 40 to 58% of the cases each year, followed by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses and SRV. The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses has shown a South American circulation cluster for the H1N1 viruses(2009). The prepandemic serologies in Santa Cruz show a seroprevalence of 23% for the ≥60. After the pandemia, the distribution by age is different for the towns at high altitude and others. Finally, an estimation of the sero-conversion showed that young adults between 20 and 39 were more affected in Bolivia

Study of the the pandemic Flu 2009 in France and in Bolivia

Par le passé les virus influenza A ont montré leur capacité d’émergence dans la population humaine. En 2009, l’apparition d’un nouveau variant réassortant a provoqué une pandémie. Ces travaux avaient pour objectifs d’étudier la propagation de la pandémie en France et Bolivie. Premièrement en Franve avec l’étude sérologique d’une population hospitalière et la surveillance hebdomadaire mise en place grâce au programme SéroGrippeHebdo. La séroprévalence prépandémique était de plus de 20% (au1/80) chez les plus de 60ans et de moins de 10% dans les autres groupes. Il a été possible de calculer un taux d’attaque d’environ 12% au sein de la population française métropolitaine. Mais aussi d’observer la perte d’anticorps rapide après le pic d’infection. Les taux de séroconversions les plus importants étaient chez les 0-24 ans (23.4%). La deuxième partie de ce travail s’est déroulée à Santa Cruz de la Sierra, en Bolivie. Le programme CoPanFlu international en association avec le CENETROP a permis l’étude de la sérologie sur une cohorte de foyers en 2010. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé les pathogènes respiratoires de 2010 à 2012 à Santa Cruz. La grippe représente entre 40 et 58% des cas chaque années, suivie des rhinovirus, des coronavirus et des VRS. L’épidémiologie moléculaire des virus influenza a mis au jour un cluster de circulation sud américain pour les virus H1N1(2009).Les sérologies pré-pandémiques montrent une séroprévalence de 23% pour les ≥60ans. Après la pandémie la distribution par tranche d’âge est différente entre les villes de haute altitude et les autres.Enfin une estimation de la séroconversion montre que les jeunes adultes entre 20-39 sont les plus touchés.Influenza viruses A have shown their ability to emerge in the human population and in 2009, the appearance of a new variant has caused a pandemia. The objective of this work was to study the pandemia’s spread in France and in Bolivia.In France, first, with the serological study of a hospital population and the weekly supervision established with SeroGrippeHebdo. The prepandemic seroprevalence was more than 20%(au1/80) for the >sixty years, and less than 10% in the others groups. It was possible to reckon an attack rate for about 12% in the metropolitan French population, and to observe a quick loss of antibody after the infection rate. Most important seroconversion rates concerned the 0-24 years(23.4%).The second part of this work took place in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, developing country in the tropical zone of South America. The international CoPanFlu in partnership with the CENETROP, has enabled to study serology among a cohort of families in 2010. Moreover, we have characterized etiologies of respiratory pathogenesis from 2010 to 2012, in Santa Cruz. Flu represented about 40 to 58% of the cases each year, followed by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses and SRV. The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses has shown a South American circulation cluster for the H1N1 viruses(2009). The prepandemic serologies in Santa Cruz show a seroprevalence of 23% for the ≥60. After the pandemia, the distribution by age is different for the towns at high altitude and others. Finally, an estimation of the sero-conversion showed that young adults between 20 and 39 were more affected in Bolivia

Evaluation des premières formations aux gestes et soins d'urgence (AFGSU) (analyse de 210 stagiaires au CESU de Lille)

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF