Putative role of arthropod vectors in African swine fever virus transmission in relation to their bio-ecological properties

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important diseases in Suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the European pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. In fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, ASF can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. In September 2018, ASF was unexpectedly identified in wild boars from southern Belgium in the province of Luxembourg, not far from the Franco-Belgian border. The French authorities rapidly commissioned an expert opinion on the risk of ASF introduction and dissemination into metropolitan France. In Europe, the main transmission routes of the virus comprise direct contact between infected and susceptible animals and indirect transmission through contaminated material or feed. However, the seasonality of the disease in some pig farms in Baltic countries, including outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels, have led to questions on the possible involvement of arthropods in the transmission of the virus. This review explores the current body of knowledge on the most common arthropod families present in metropolitan France. We examine their potential role in spreading ASF—by active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestion—in relation to their bio-ecological properties. It also highlights the existence of significant gaps in our knowledge on vector ecology in domestic and wild boar environments and in vector competence for ASFV transmission. Filling these gaps is essential to further understanding ASF transmission in order to thus implement appropriate management measures

Allons-nous vers une société plus responsable grâce à la pandémie de Covid-19 ?

La question traitée dans cet article porte sur le monde d’après la pandémie... Représente-t-elle un moment décisif qui va nous faire basculer vers une société plus responsable sur les plans sociaux et environnementaux ? De nouvelles habitudes et de nouveaux comportements responsables vont-ils se mettre en place de manière durable ? Pour répondre à ces enjeux, cet article mobilise des théories plurielles associées aux changements d’habitudes. Des préconisations s’adressant autant aux entreprises, qu’aux décideurs publics ou citoyens sont proposées pour dessiner les contours d’un après-Covid-19 socialement et écologiquement plus acceptable

Sympathetic nervous activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and outcome in acutely decompensated cirrhosis: the metabolomic prognostic models (CLIF-C MET)

Background and aims Current prognostic scores of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD), particularly those with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), underestimate the risk of mortality. This is probably because systemic inflammation (SI), the major driver of AD/ACLF, is not reflected in the scores. SI induces metabolic changes, which impair delivery of the necessary energy for the immune reaction. This investigation aimed to identify metabolites associated with short-term (28-day) death and to design metabolomic prognostic models. Methods Two prospective multicentre large cohorts from Europe for investigating ACLF and development of ACLF, CANONIC (discovery, n=831) and PREDICT (validation, n=851), were explored by untargeted serum metabolomics to identify and validate metabolites which could allow improved prognostic modelling. Results Three prognostic metabolites strongly associated with death were selected to build the models. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate is a norepinephrine derivative, which may be derived from the brainstem response to SI. Additionally, galacturonic acid and hexanoylcarnitine are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Model 1 included only these three prognostic metabolites and age. Model 2 was built around 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate, hexanoylcarnitine, bilirubin, international normalised ratio (INR) and age. In the discovery cohort, both models were more accurate in predicting death within 7, 14 and 28 days after admission compared with MELDNa score (C-index: 0.9267, 0.9002 and 0.8424, and 0.9369, 0.9206 and 0.8529, with model 1 and model 2, respectively). Similar results were found in the validation cohort (C-index: 0.940, 0.834 and 0.791, and 0.947, 0.857 and 0.810, with model 1 and model 2, respectively). Also, in ACLF, model 1 and model 2 outperformed MELDNa 7, 14 and 28 days after admission for prediction of mortality. Conclusions Models including metabolites (CLIF-C MET) reflecting SI, mitochondrial dysfunction and sympathetic system activation are better predictors of short-term mortality than scores based only on organ dysfunction (eg, MELDNa), especially in patients with ACLF

Sympathetic nervous activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and outcome in acutely decompensated cirrhosis: the metabolomic prognostic models (CLIF-C MET)

Background and aims: Current prognostic scores of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD), particularly those with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), underestimate the risk of mortality. This is probably because systemic inflammation (SI), the major driver of AD/ACLF, is not reflected in the scores. SI induces metabolic changes, which impair delivery of the necessary energy for the immune reaction. This investigation aimed to identify metabolites associated with short-term (28-day) death and to design metabolomic prognostic models. Methods: Two prospective multicentre large cohorts from Europe for investigating ACLF and development of ACLF, CANONIC (discovery, n=831) and PREDICT (validation, n=851), were explored by untargeted serum metabolomics to identify and validate metabolites which could allow improved prognostic modelling. Results: Three prognostic metabolites strongly associated with death were selected to build the models. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate is a norepinephrine derivative, which may be derived from the brainstem response to SI. Additionally, galacturonic acid and hexanoylcarnitine are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Model 1 included only these three prognostic metabolites and age. Model 2 was built around 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate, hexanoylcarnitine, bilirubin, international normalised ratio (INR) and age. In the discovery cohort, both models were more accurate in predicting death within 7, 14 and 28 days after admission compared with MELDNa score (C-index: 0.9267, 0.9002 and 0.8424, and 0.9369, 0.9206 and 0.8529, with model 1 and model 2, respectively). Similar results were found in the validation cohort (C-index: 0.940, 0.834 and 0.791, and 0.947, 0.857 and 0.810, with model 1 and model 2, respectively). Also, in ACLF, model 1 and model 2 outperformed MELDNa 7, 14 and 28 days after admission for prediction of mortality. Conclusions: Models including metabolites (CLIF-C MET) reflecting SI, mitochondrial dysfunction and sympathetic system activation are better predictors of short-term mortality than scores based only on organ dysfunction (eg, MELDNa), especially in patients with ACLF

Contacts et acculturations en Méditerranée occidentale

La question des contacts entre les différents peuples qui bordent les rives de la Méditerranée nord occidentale est l’un des sujets phares de la recherche archéologique de ces trente dernières années. Que l’on parle d’époque archaïque et classique ou de Protohistoire et d’âge du Fer, les échanges et les processus d’acculturation de ces peuples qui entrèrent alors en contact les uns avec les autres : Grecs, Celtes, Phéniciens, Ibères, Ligures, Étrusques, ont retenu l’attention des chercheurs travaillant sur l’expansion grecque dans ces régions, sur les trafics commerciaux, sur les échanges culturels. L’œuvre de Michel Bats (Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS) traverse toutes ces thématiques : la présence des Phocéens et des Étrusques dans le bassin occidental de la Méditerranée, l’acculturation et les identités ethno-culturelles, les recherches sur la céramique et ses usages dans une perspective anthropologique, l’appropriation de l’écriture par les sociétés protohistoriques. Ses collègues et amis, en organisant ce colloque et en participant à ces actes, entendent lui témoigner leur amitié et leur dette intellectuelle. Ce volume réunit des articles des meilleurs spécialistes, actuels de la question - des chercheurs de toute la Méditerranée - autour des quatre grands thèmes que nous venons d’évoquer afin tout à la fois de dresser un bilan et de définir de nouvelles perspectives. Cet ouvrage présente donc aussi bien des synthèses - sur la présence grecque en Espagne, sur l’origine de l’écriture, sur les pratiques funéraires, sur les identités culturelles et ethniques - que des découvertes récentes concernant la thématique des contacts et de l’acculturation en Méditerranée nord occidentale : l’agglomération du Premier âge du Fer de La Cougourlude (Lattes, Hérault) fouillée durant l’été 2010 ; le sanctuaire hellénistique de Cumes et les fouilles récentes de Fratte en Italie ; les ateliers de potiers de Rosas en Espagne ; les dernières découvertes d’Olbia de Provence

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

LES DETERMINANTS A L'ACHAT DE PRODUITS ISSUS DU COMMERCE EQUITABLE : UNE APPROCHE PAR LES CHAINAGES COGNITIFS

In this research, we examine the motives underlying fair trade product purchase through two studies using a means-end methodology. Considering the growth of fair trade product consumption and the expansion of its distribution in two different distribution networks, a first exploratory research has been led. It shows that motives and, more particularly, means-end chains underlying fair trade coffee purchase differ depending on the types of retail store chosen (specialized shop vs. Supermarket). Then, fair trade coffee buyers who shop in supermarket have been interviewed in a second study. In the one hand, it permits to define choice criteria, consequences and values underlying this purchase, as well as seven groups of motives and several consumption styles. In the other hand, this purchase appears to be an utilitarian behaviour rather than a symbolic one, and it is led by a fragmentary judgment rather than an emotional one that is why consequences have a more important impact on the fair trade purchase than values underlying this behaviour. Moreover, means-end chains content and structure vary considering contextual variables such as attitudinal, behavioural, demographic and situational variables. Beyond these main results, a new way to collect laddering data has been developed by adding a list of attributes, consequences and values to the paper-and-pencil technique. Several techniques to collect ladders have also been compared and their quantitative analysis by PLS has been improved.Cette recherche explore les motivations d’achat de produits équitables au moyen de deux études utilisant une méthodologie basée sur les chaînages cognitifs. Une première étude, de nature exploratoire, a été menée au regard de la structuration et du développement du marché de produits équitables en deux réseaux de distribution parallèles et porteurs d’idéaux distincts. Des différences au niveau des motivations et, plus particulièrement, au niveau des chaînages cognitifs sous-jacents à l’achat de café équitable ont été déterminées selon que l’acheteur fréquente des magasins spécialisés ou des GMS. Nous avons ensuite conduit une deuxième étude auprès d’acheteurs de café équitable en GMS. Elle a identifié, d’une part, les critères de choix, les bénéfices-produit et les valeurs sous-jacents à cet achat, ainsi que sept groupes de motivations et différents styles de consommation. D’autre part, elle a défini cet achat comme relevant davantage d’un jugement fragmentaire qu’affectif, et comme un comportement plus utilitaire que symbolique. En ce sens, l’achat de produits équitable dépend davantage des bénéfices-produit que des valeurs qu’il permet d’atteindre. Par ailleurs, le contenu et la structure des chaînages cognitifs ont présenté une certaine instabilité au regard de variables contextuelles telles que des variables attitudinales, comportementales, sociodémographiques et situationnelles. Au-delà de ces résultats, cette recherche a également conduit au développement d’une nouvelle technique de collecte des chaînages cognitifs par l’ajout d’un support à la technique des protocoles écrits, à la comparaison de différentes techniques de collecte des chaînages cognitifs et à l’amélioration de leur analyse quantitative par PLS

What makes people not throw goods away when they want to get rid of them? An application to books, clothes and mobile phones

International audienceKnowing what people do when an object is useless is mandatory, especially nowadays where firms communicate on sustainable development and public policies in developed countries on the need to reduce the amount of waste. This research funded by a French organization involved in this topic, ADEME, tries to evoke information on that point. After a first stage where we have conducted qualitative interviews to define what people do when they want to get rid of three types of objects - clothes, books and mobile phones - this research focuses on what motivates people to adopt a particular behavior rather than throwing them away. The perceived condition of the good and the usefulness dimension of the attitude impact on the adoption of a more responsible behavior. However, regarding the types of objects considered, specific determinants have been identified and have to be taken into account to motivate people not to throw objects away

Etiquetage environnemental et valeur perçue pour le consommateur

International audienc

Revers de fortune. Les jeux de l'accident et du hasard au XVIIIe siècle

Au XVIIIe siècle on hésite à attribuer à la nécessité ou au hasard des enchaînements d'événements qu'on ne croit plus placés sous l'autorité de la providence. L'obsevation des faits naturels conforte les partisans du déterminisme tandis que le calcul des probabilités se déceloppe pour évaluer les phénomènes aléatoires. Pourtant la vie sociale ou privée n'a peut-être jamais autant été éprouvée, pensée et représentée dans sa contingence. Catastrophes, accidents, incidents, revers de fortune: dans ce volume des histoiriens des sciences, des arts et de la littérature s'interrogent sur la manière dont le roman négocie avec le possible, dans ses manifestations plus ou moins spectaculaires