Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance

The effectiveness of existing policies to control antimicrobial resistance is not yet fully understood. A strengthened evidence base is needed to inform effective policy interventions across countries with different income levels and the human health and animal sectors. We examine three policy domains—responsible use, surveillance, and infection prevention and control—and consider which will be the most effective at national and regional levels. Many complexities exist in the implementation of such policies across sectors and in varying political and regulatory environments. Therefore, we make recommendations for policy action, calling for comprehensive policy assessments, using standardised frameworks, of cost-effectiveness and generalisability. Such assessments are especially important in low-income and middle-income countries, and in the animal and environmental sectors. We also advocate a One Health approach that will enable the development of sensitive policies, accommodating the needs of each sector involved, and addressing concerns of specific countries and regions

The handbook for standardized field and laboratory measurements in terrestrial climate change experiments and observational studies (ClimEx)

1. Climate change is a world‐wide threat to biodiversity and ecosystem structure, functioning and services. To understand the underlying drivers and mechanisms, and to predict the consequences for nature and people, we urgently need better understanding of the direction and magnitude of climate change impacts across the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum. An increasing number of climate change studies are creating new opportunities for meaningful and high‐quality generalizations and improved process understanding. However, significant challenges exist related to data availability and/or compatibility across studies, compromising opportunities for data re‐use, synthesis and upscaling. Many of these challenges relate to a lack of an established ‘best practice’ for measuring key impacts and responses. This restrains our current understanding of complex processes and mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystems related to climate change. 2. To overcome these challenges, we collected best‐practice methods emerging from major ecological research networks and experiments, as synthesized by 115 experts from across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Our handbook contains guidance on the selection of response variables for different purposes, protocols for standardized measurements of 66 such response variables and advice on data management. Specifically, we recommend a minimum subset of variables that should be collected in all climate change studies to allow data re‐use and synthesis, and give guidance on additional variables critical for different types of synthesis and upscaling. The goal of this community effort is to facilitate awareness of the importance and broader application of standardized methods to promote data re‐use, availability, compatibility and transparency. We envision improved research practices that will increase returns on investments in individual research projects, facilitate second‐order research outputs and create opportunities for collaboration across scientific communities. Ultimately, this should significantly improve the quality and impact of the science, which is required to fulfil society's needs in a changing world

Gemeentelijke handhavers in Amsterdam: een onderzoek naar hun werk op straat

status: publishe

Gemeentelijke handhavers in Amsterdam: een onderzoek naar hun werk op straat

status: publishe

Gender Differences In Anticipated Shame And Guilt Reactions To Delinquent Behaviour. Where Do They Come From?

Criminological research has produced few more reliable findings than this one: boys engage more frequently in delinquent behaviour than girls. Although differences are somewhat less pronounced for less serious and non-violent forms of delinquency, the ‘gender-gap’ seldom completely disappears. Recent evidence suggests that the self-conscious emotions shame and guilt may play a key role in the explanation of these gender differences. Shame and guilt not only give us moral feedback after transgressive behaviour, they can also inhibit future transgressive behaviour. That is, individuals anticipate emotional outcomes when considering alternative lines of action and try to avoid painful emotions such as shame and guilt. Recent studies have not only found that girls experience stronger threats of shame and guilt than boys, but also that these differences account for a major part of the gender differences found in self -reported delinquency. Yet, very little is known about the origins of the frequently observed gender differences in anticipated shame and guilt. Are they simply a product of differences in parental socialisation, or is there something more to it ? In this presentation, I will argue that a (symbolic) interactionist perspective can shed new light on the nature and social origins of gender differences in anticipated shame and guilt reactions to delinquent behaviour. Second, I will present the results of a quantitative study in which several new hypotheses on the social origins of gender differences in anticipated shame and guilt were tested, using a sample of Belgian youngsters aged 14 to 18.status: publishe

Slachtofferschap onder adolescenten: risicokenmerken, context en relatie met welbevinden.

status: publishe

Slow motion intrede op de arbeidsmarkt. Het systeem van leren en werken door de ogen van jongeren

status: publishe

The social origins of gender differences in anticipated feelings of guilt and shame following delinquency

In this study, we investigate gender differences in adolescents’ anticipated feelings of guilt and shame for engaging in shoplifting and retaliatory violence. More specifically, we examine the extent to which interpersonal relations with parents and teachers, perceived peer delinquency and traditional gender role beliefs have different effects on levels of shame-guilt among males and females, and to what extent these variables mediate gender differences in shame-guilt. We use data collected in a sample of 852 adolescents in Genk, a multi-ethnic city in the north-east of Belgium. Our findings confirm those of earlier research indicating that females experience a considerably higher threat of shame-guilt for engaging in delinquency than males. Factors explaining males’ and females’ anticipated shame-guilt feelings are similar in the case of shoplifting, but different in the case of violence. Differential exposure to peer delinquency and parental follow-up partially mediate the effect of gender on shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting. Among males, endorsement of traditional masculinity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting and violence. Among females, endorsement of traditional femininity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting, but has no effect on shame-guilt for engaging in violence. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the contribution of shame-guilt to the social control of delinquency across gender.status: publishe