Synthesis of Novel Cyclopentadienyl and Pyrrole Compounds.

This dissertation describes the preparation of two classes of compounds: cyclopentadienes and pyrroles. These compounds are key elements in the synthesis of conducting materials. A general novel methodology for the cyclopentadienylannulation of strained cycloalkynes has been developed. Bromination of 1,5-cycloctadiene produces 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane, which under further treatment with DBU eliminates two moles of HBr to produce a mixture of 2 diastereomeric bisvinylbromides. These isomers eliminate one mol of HBr when treated with t-BuOK under phase transfer conditions producing a cyclooctene-yne. This bromoalkyne reacts in situ with dimethylfulvene in a sealed tube at 100\sp\circC to produce a Diels-Alder adduct. Treatment of this adduct with t-BuOK eliminates one mole of HBr producing a new cyclooctyne. Diels-Alder reaction of this alkyne in situ with dimethylfulvene produces a mixture of two diastereomeric pentacyclo hydrocarbons. Mild hydrogenation of these hydrocarbons using 1 atm of H\sb2 and Ni-P2 reduces the less hindered double bonds producing a mixture of two diastereomers. Flash vacuum pyrolysis of these colorless reduced products at 550\sp\circC produces a bright yellow bis(cyclopentadienyl) compound. A methodology to obtain acetylenepyrroles and arenepyrroles has been developed. N-potassium pyrrole reacts twice with tetrachloroethylene to produce a 1,2-dichloro-1,2-dipyrroleethylene, which under treatment with an equimolar amount of butyllithium produces dipyrroleacetylene. This alkyne trimerizes upon treatment with Vollhardt\u27s catalyst producing hexapyrrolobenzene in 3% yield. This hexapyrrole derivative can be obtained in an improved 9O% yield by the reaction of hexafluorobenzene with N-potassium pyrrole. In the same way pentafluorobenzene, pentafluoropyridine, decafluoronaphthalene and 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline react with N-potassium pyrrole producing their corresponding substituted pyrrole derivatives. Treatment of 2-methylpyrrole with potassium in THF produces its N-potassium salt. Reaction of N-potassium-2-pyrrole with 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine produces the corresponding substitution products

Detection and function of biogenic magnetite

Magnetite is a widespread accessory mineral in rocks and soils. As was first shown by Lowenstam (1962), magnetite frequently forms also by biochemical processes, with varying degrees of control of the organisms over the mineralization process. Lowenstam distinguishes between biologically induced (BIM) and biologically controlled mineralization(BCM). The former refers to processes with no biological control, and the later to processes with strict metabolic and genetic control. In this thesis, two examples of biogenic magnetite with eminently different magnetic properties are studied. One is magnetite as found in so-called magnetotactic bacteria; the second example is magnetite as identi¯ed in tissue of pigeon's heads. In the first part of this work, the results of a series of rock magnetic measurements on concentrated samples of pure magnetotactic bacteria will be presented. These bacteria offer a unique opportunity to study the process of biologically controlled mineralization, since these organisms synthesize intracellular particles of magnetite or greigite arranged in chains, that give the bacterium the characteristic property of a swimming compass needle. The magnetic crystals, so-called magnetosomes, are magnetically speaking stable single-domain particles, characterized by a size such that the particles have minimum induced magnetization and maximum permanent magnetic moment (i.e. particle size between 30 and 130 nm). The bacteria studied here have been harvested in sediments from lake Chiemsee. They were extracted from the sediments and concentrated to an extent that enabled a detailed characterization by macroscopic magnetic measurements. The so-called Bacteriodrome was used to concentrate samples of approximately 10E7 cells. Different magnetic criteria, aiming to specifically identify bacterial magnetite in sediments, have been tested, including: (1) acquisition and demagnetization of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM); (2) acquisition of anhysteretic remanent magnetization and (3) thermal dependence of low temperature saturation IRM, after cooling in zero field (ZFC) or in a 2.5 T field (FC) from 300 to 5 K. The best method turns out to be the so-called delta-delta test (dFC/dZFC), first proposed by Moskowitz et al. (1993), and based on the low temperature variation of the SIRM, measured both in a strong field (FC) and in zero field (ZFC). At the Verwey transition (ca. 120 K) the d-value for each curve is determined and the d-ratio (dFC/dZFC) calculated. Values exceeding 2, are indicators for the presence of chains of stable single-domain particles, which form only under strict biological control. However, it is shown that the suitability of rock magnetic techniques to detect and characterize biogenic magnetite in bulk, natural samples such as lake sediments is still limited, due to diagenetic processes and the occurrence of other non-biogenic magnetic minerals, which blur the distinct magnetic properties of the former. The only certain proof for bacterial magnetite is the optical identification -although time consuming and tedious- by Transmission Electron Microscopy. The magnetite inclusions found in pigeon tissue are very different in their magnetic properties with respect to bacterial magnetite. With their small grain size (between 2 and 10 nm), these particles fall within the superparamagnetic size range and are characterized by a large induced magnetization and no permanent magnetic moment. The pigeon magnetite is concentrated in spherical clusters of approximately 1-3 micrometers in diameter. The response of these clusters to magnetic fields has been simulated by spherules of ferrofluid. Depending on their geometrical arrangement these spherules show peculiar magnetic properties. Based on these properties, three models have been developed experimentally and theoretically with respect to a possible application as biological sensory elements. The magnetic properties of the sensory models are tested in the light of behavioral experiments conducted in the past on homing pigeons and migratory birds. In these experiments, the birds were exposed to defined magnetic fields to specifically affect a magnetite-based magnetoreceptor. As will be seen, most of the responses of the birds observed in the behavioral experiments can be explained by simulating the effects of these magnetic treatment on ferrofluid spherules

Identificación de las buenas prácticas Ganaderas del Criadero Ovino J.C. en el municipio de Tenjo Cundinamarca

Las buenas prácticas ganaderas en ovinos son fundamentales para asegurar la calidad y la sostenibilidad de la producción de carne y leche de oveja. Para ello, se requiere de una serie de medidas que buscan mantener un adecuado bienestar animal, prevenir enfermedades, y asegurar la calidad de los productos obtenidos. En este sentido, se han desarrollado manuales de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas Ovinas (BPGO) que establecen las pautas a seguir para la implementación y el mantenimiento de estas prácticas en la producción ovina. Entre las medidas más comunes, se encuentran el mantenimiento de cercos perimetrales en buen estado, la disposición de ovejas y corderos en los potreros con los requerimientos necesarios, el fomento del uso de perros protectores de rebaño, entre otras. Además, estas prácticas también se enfocan en aspectos productivos como el crecimiento, el cebo y la canal, donde se establecen variables y tablas para su seguimiento. Es importante destacar que la implementación de las buenas prácticas ganaderas en ovinos no solo beneficia la calidad del producto final, sino también el bienestar animal y ambiental, lo que se traduce en una producción más sostenible y responsable desde el punto de vista económico, social y ambiental.Sheep production is counted as one of the oldest livestock activities in the world. For Colombia, this industry was always considered as a very localized production alternative in the cold areas of the country, being an alternative productive system in the family economy since wool is a very valuable product and is relatively a non-perishable crop, just like the production dairy by-product of goats. These cattle farms, which began as a cultural and gastronomic tradition in the country, have gained strength over time, being one of the species with the greatest projection at the national level due to the excellent benefits in production and the momentum it has taken thanks to the income of large stores nationwide. The ICA is aware of the impact that this species has at the national level, for this reason it resumes the species within the missionary activities of the Animal Protection Sub-management and the Technical Department of Animal Health, working hand in hand with the producers, confirming the accompaniment to continue being an ally for the growth and sanitary conservation of the species in the country

Bubbles on Enceladus

Saturns icy moon, Enceladus, ejects frozen particles consisting of water and salts indicative of a subsurface ocean. Believed to originate from hydrothermal reactions near the core, the subsequent pressure drop generates boiling liquids that erupt and expand out of the tiger stripes. The purpose of this research is to simulate the ongoing geyser activity of Enceladus in the lab and to explore the concentrations of biomass which could exist in geyser bubbles as compared to ejected particles. We tested variance of intensity of light absorbed from the bubbles at different heights of the simulated plume. Anazodye, Allura Red, is a complex organic that will act as a tracer molecule allowing for quantitative analysis of light absorption through a spectrophotometer. Theazodye in combination with water is ejected from a water chamber using compressed air to simulate bubbles forming and a jet erupting from a body of water. Samples were taken of the bubbles at varying heights of the simulated plume as analogs to the Enceladus geysers. This research will provide quantitative analog information on rising bubbles from the ocean of Enceladus which can be applied directly to the practical concern of measuring biomass in the plume

Follow the Plume: Organic Molecules and Habitable Conditions in the Subsurface Ocean of Enceladus

This white paper describes the astrobiological significance of the Enceladus plume, and makes a series of scientific and technological recommendations that would lead to a future mission that samples and analyzes plume materials, and searches for evidence of life

Cryostratigraphy and the Sublimation Unconformity in Permafrost from an Ultraxerous Environment, University Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica

The cryostratigraphy of permafrost in ultraxerous environments is poorly known. In this study, icy permafrost cores from University Valley (McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica) were analyzed for sediment properties, ground-ice content, types and distribution of cryostructures, and presence of unconformities. No active layer exists in the valley, but the ice table, a sublimation unconformity, ranges from 0 to 60 cm depth. The sediments are characterized as a medium sand, which classifies them as low to non-frost susceptible. Computed tomography (CT) scan images of the icy permafrost cores revealed composite cryostructures that included the structureless, porous visible, suspended and crustal types. These cryostructures were observed irrespective of ground-ice origin (vapour deposited and freezing of snow meltwater), suggesting that the type and distribution of cryostructures could not be used as a proxy to infer the mode of emplacement of ground ice. Volumetric ice content derived from the CT scan images underestimated measured volumetric ice content, but approached measured excess ice content. A palaeo-sublimation unconformity could not be detected from a change in cryostructures, but could be inferred from an increase in ice content at the maximum predicted ice table depth. This study highlights some of the unique ground-ice processes and cryostructures in ultraxerous environments

Calidad Del Servicio Médico En El Centro De Salud De San Ignacio-Cajamarca.

La investigación titulada: “Calidad de Servicio Médico en el Centro de Salud de San Ignacio–Cajamarca, se da en respuesta a la problemática descontento por parte de la población usuaria de los servicios médicos que oferta el Centro de Salud de San Ignacio, ha generado una serie de interrogantes en los investigadores; tuvo como objetivo: “Describir las características de la calidad del servicio en el Centro de Salud de San Ignacio-Perú”. El tipo de investigación fue no experimental con diseño descriptivo, aplicado a una muestra de 83 usuarios del centro de salud de San Ignacio en seis servicios: medicina general, obstetricia, odontología, nutrición, enfermería y psicología. La calidad del servicio médico se determinó por la aplicación de un Cuestionario orientado a medir la calidad de servicio aplicado a los usuarios después de obtener el servicio. La muestra se calculó en razón del 02% de la población en estudio quedando conformado por 83 usuarios que se atienden en el Centro de Salud de San Ignacio. El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico usando su propio criterio los investigadores En los resultados se constata que la dimensión de empatía lidera con el 60.2%nivel muy bajo, mientras que la dimensión fiabilidad lidera en el nivel regular con el43.4% y, las dimensiones capacidad de respuesta, seguridad e intangibilidad lideran en el nivel baja (53%, 48.2% y 36.1%); constatándose de esta manera la importancia de trabajar un programa de intervención en calidad del servicio médico

Propuesta de gestión administrativa para mejorar el clima institucional de la Escuela Superior de Formación Artística Pública de Bagua, en el año 2015.

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Escuela Superior de Formación Artística Pública - Bagua ubicada en el Centro Poblado de Tomaque de la ciudad de Bagua, departamento y región de Amazonas con la finalidad de elaborar un modelo de propuesta de gestión administrativa para mejorar el clima institucional necesario para mejorar la calidad educativa, propuesta basada en la teoría de Martín y Colbs con la participación de la comunidad educativa de la Escuela Superior de Formación Artística Pública - Bagua. La investigación adopta el diseño de la investigación descriptiva propositiva, pues primero describe y conoce la realidad problemática referente a las variables gestión administrativa y clima institucional, proyectándose finalmente a plantear una propuesta que permita mejorar el clima institucional incidiendo en la gestión administrativa, planteando acciones de mejora para el desempeño docente y de los estudiantes, con estrategias pedagógicas innovadoras y que permita el trabajo en equipo contextualizando su labor y mejorando así la gestión institucional. De acuerdo a las variables de estudio consideradas en la investigación, se utilizó como instrumentos: guías de observación participativa y encuestas para recoger información de la comunidad educativa. Durante el estudio se observó que los directivos, jerárquicos, docentes, administrativos y estudiantes, evidenciaban actitudes y conductas desfavorables para el clima institucional, que afectaba en su comportamiento educativo en las dimensiones: Motivación, liderazgo, toma de decisiones, identidad, comunicación, estructura, innovación, conflicto, cooperación, recompensa y confort, situación que nos permitió realizar la fundamentación teórico y empírico de nuestra propuesta de gestión administrativa

Estudio de prefactibilidad para la Implementación de una planta de producción de jugo de limón (citrus aurantifolia) deshidratado

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la viabilidad de introducir al mercado peruano un nuevo producto: sobres personales de jugo de limón deshidratado en polvo, cuya propuesta de valor es la practicidad, el fácil transporte y los atributos organolépticos propios del limón. Se determinó la factibilidad técnica, económica, financiera y de mercado para instalar una planta de deshidratación de jugo de limón en Perú. En el estudio de mercado, se determinó que el público objetivo son peruanos de las provincias costeras del Perú, entre 18-55 años y de un nivel socioeconómico A, B y C. Aplicando encuestas, focus group y entrevistas a profundidad, se determinó la intensidad de compra, la intención de compra y la frecuencia de consumo. Con esto, se calculó la demanda del primer año de vida del proyecto en 485 191 cajas de 60 sobres cada una. El precio de venta al público es S/13,90 por caja (S/11,78 sin IGV), con el fin de ganar participación de mercado de manera acelerada. En el capítulo de localización de planta, se determinó que la ubicación ideal para la planta es el distrito de Tambo Grande, en Piura. Esto es debido, entre otros factores, a la cercanía a la materia prima (el Valle de San Lorenzo produce más del 40% del limón sutil en Perú). La planta tendrá un área de 1000 m2. Se contratarán a 8 operarios para la zona de producción, quienes producirán entre 1700 y 2800 cajas al día. El margen bruto de cada caja vendida es de casi 60%. Según el análisis económico y financiero, el proyecto es viable y rentable. Se obtuvo un TIR-e de 47,5%, un VAN-e de S/ 3 161 213, un B/C de 2,49 y un periodo de recupero de 2 años, 6 meses y 24 días. Asimismo, se obtuvo un TIR-f de 95,0%, un VANf de S/ 3 286 398, un B/C de 6,18 y un periodo de recupero de 1 año, 6 meses y 29 días.The objective of this research paper is to determine the feasibility of introducing a new product to the Peruvian market: single-use packets of dehydrated (powdered) lemon juice, whose value proposition is practicality, easy transport and the organoleptic attributes of lemon. The technical, economic, financial, and market feasibility of installing a powdered lemon juice plant in Perú was determined. During market research, the market segment was determined as: Peruvians living in the coast, between 18-55 years old, and in the A, B and C socio-economic status. Using surveys, in-depth interviews and focus groups, the purchase intensity, purchase intention and consumption frequency were determined. With this information, the first year’s demand was calculated at 485 191 boxes with 60 sachets in each one. The price of each box is S/13,90 retail price (S/11,78 without tax), with the objective of increasing market share at an accelerated rate. In the plant location chapter, it was determined that the ideal plant location is Tambo Grande, Piura. This is because, among other factors, the short distance to the raw material (San Lorenzo Valley produces more than 40% of the country’s lemon). The plant will have an area of 1000 m2. A total of 8 workers will be hired for production,who will produce between 1700 and 2800 boxes per day. The gross margin on each box sold is almost 60%. According to the economic and financial analysis, the project is feasible and profitable. The economic IRR is 47,5%, the economic NPV is S/3 161 213, the B/C ratio is 2,49 and the economic payback period is 2 years, 6 months and 24 days. The financial IRR is 95,0%, the financial NPV is S/ 3 286 398, the B/C ratio is 6,18 and the financial payback period is 1 year, 6 months and 29 days

Análisis de los factores operativos que afectan al despacho anticipado en el retiro de carga contenerizada del puerto DP World Callao en el período 2018 - 2020

El terminal portuario del Callao es el más importante del Perú, ya que es considerado como la principal conexión del país con el mundo por concentrar diversas operaciones de carga. El servicio de despacho anticipado es una modalidad de despacho aduanero que permite numerar la declaración de la importación antes de que ésta llegue al puerto. Para realizar el despacho anticipado, se deben cumplir con algunos requisitos como, por ejemplo, tener la Declaración Única de Aduanas (DUA) numerada y cancelada, con lo cual se podrá realizar el levante de su mercancía cuando ésta llegue al terminal portuario, en un plazo de 48 horas computados a partir del día siguiente del término de descarga, además de reducir costos. Sin embargo, no todos acceden a este beneficio. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar cuáles fueron los factores operativos que afectaron al despacho anticipado. Para ello se utilizó un enfoque de investigación cualitativa. Del mismo modo, se realizaron entrevistas, que constaron de 12 preguntas, a 20 trabajadores de las agencias aduaneras, la cual arrojó como resultado que los factores operativos que dificultaron al despacho anticipado de carga contenerizada fueron los trámites burocráticos, así como también la carencia de una infraestructura vial adecuada y la presencia de un parque automotor antiguo de transporte terrestre. En general, estos factores impactaron en sobrecostos y demoras excesivas en el despacho anticipado no pudiendo obtener los beneficios aduaneros. Luego del análisis se brindaron recomendaciones necesarias para poder optimizar la cadena logística.The Callao port terminal is the most important in Peru, since it is considered the main connection between Peru and the world for concentrating various operations. The advance clearance service is a customs clearance modality that allows the import declaration to be numbered before it arrives at the port; To carry out the early dispatch, some requirements must be met, such as having the Unique Customs Declaration numbered and canceled, with which your merchandise can be released when it arrives at the port terminal, within a period of 48 hours computed at starting the day after the discharge term, in addition to reducing costs; however, not everyone has access to this benefit. For this reason, the objective of this investigation was to identify which were the operational factors that affected the anticipated dispatch. For this, a qualitative research approach was used. In the same way, interviews, consisting of 12 questions, were conducted with 20 workers of the customs agencies, which showed as a result that the operational factors that made it difficult to dispatch containerized cargo in advance were bureaucratic procedures, as well as the lack of a Adequate road infrastructure and the presence of an old land transport vehicle fleet, in general these factors impacted on cost overruns and excessive delays in early clearance, not being able to obtain customs benefits. After the analysis, the necessary recommendations were provided to optimize the logistics chain.Tesi