Efeitos agudos da utilização de cafeína sobre o desempenho físico durante exercício aeróbio / Acute effects of use of caffeine on physical performance during aerobic exercise

Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da cafeína sobre o tempo limite (Tlim) em teste de esteira. Métodos: Oito sujeitos do sexo masculino entre 18 e 30 anos foram avaliados perante três intervenções: cafeína, placebo e controle. O Tlim foi considerado o tempo máximo de esforço na velocidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio determinado em esteira. Resultados: Tlim mostrou-se significativamente maior durante o protocolo com suplementação de cafeína em comparação aos protocolos placebo e controle. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que a utilização da cafeína apresentou efeito positivo sobre o desempenho aeróbio na variável Tli

Water-based continuous and interval training in older women: Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes (WATER study)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two water-based aerobic programs on cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes in older women. Forty-one women (60 to 75 years old) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were randomized into a water-based continuous (CTG; n = 21; 63.9 ± 2.5 years) or an interval (ITG; n = 20; 64.8 ± 3.6 years) aerobic training group. Both training programs were performed for 12 weeks (45-min sessions twice a week), with exercise intensity based on rating of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE 6-20 Scale). Pre and post training assessments of cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes were performed. Data analyses were conducted using Generalized Estimating Equations and Bonferroni post-hoc test (α = 0.05). After the intervention, the CTG and the ITG displayed similar improvements in time to exhaustion (8% vs. 11%), peak oxygen uptake (9% vs. 7%), maximal dynamic knee extension strength (5% vs. 6%), dynamic muscular endurance of knee extensors (10% vs. 11%), maximal vastus lateralis electromyographic signal amplitude (13% vs. 35%), as well as an increase in muscle thickness (5% vs. 6%) and decrease in muscle echo intensity (-2% vs. -3%) of the quadriceps femoris. In conclusion, older women benefited from water-based exercise training prescribed based on participants' RPE, with both the interval and the continuous training programs resulting in similar increases in the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular parameters

Exchanging screen for non-screen sitting time or physical activity might attenuate depression and anxiety: A cross-sectional isotemporal analysis during early pandemics in South America

Objectives: To examine the theoretical substitutions of screen exposure, non-screen sitting time, moderate and vigorous physical activity with depressive and anxiety symptoms in South American adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: A cross-sectional study during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic with data from 1981 adults from Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Methods: Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Participants also reported physical activity, sitting time, screen exposure, sociodemographic, and tobacco use data. Isotemporal substitution models were created using multivariable linear regression methods. Results: Vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, and screen exposure were independently associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. In adjusted isotemporal substitution models, replacing 10 min/day of either screen exposure or non-screen sitting time with any intensity of physical activity was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Improvements in anxiety symptoms were found when reallocating either screen exposure or non-screen sitting time to moderate physical activity. Furthermore, replacing 10 min/day of screen exposure with non-screen sitting time was beneficially associated with anxiety (B = − 0.033; 95 % CI = − 0.059, − 0.006) and depression (B = − 0.026; 95 % CI = − 0.050, − 0.002). Conclusions: Replacement of screen exposure with any intensity of physical activity or non-screen sitting time could improve mental health symptoms. Strategies aiming to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms highlight physical activity promotion. However, future interventions should explore specific sedentary behaviors as some will relate positively while others negatively.Fil: Sadarangani, Kabir P.. Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile. Universidad Diego Portales; ChileFil: Schuch, Felipe Barreto. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Brasil. Universidad Autónoma de Chile; ChileFil: de Roia, Gabriela Fernanda. Universidad de Flores. Laboratorio de Estudios en Actividad Física;Fil: Martínez Gomez, David. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health; EspañaFil: Chávez, Róbinson. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Lobo, Pablo Roberto. Universidad de Flores. Laboratorio de Estudios en Actividad Física;Fil: Cristi Montero, Carlos. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Werneck, André O.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Alzahrani, Hosam. Taif University; Arabia SauditaFil: Ferrari, Gerson. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Ibañez, Agustin Mariano. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. University of California; Estados Unidos. Trinity College Dublin; Irlanda. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Danilo R.. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Brasil. Universidad Pablo de Olavide; EspañaFil: Von Oetinger, Astrid. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Matias, Thiago S.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Grabovac, Igor. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Meyer, Jacob. Iowa State University; Estados Unido

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - Segundo trimestre de 2023

Durante el segundo trimestre del año continuó la moderación de los elevados niveles de inflación favoreciendo a la deuda pública local y la de los pares de la región (Brasil, México, Chile y Perú). Por el contrario, ante una actividad económica más fuerte de lo anticipado en las economías desarrolladas, así como las expectativas en torno a una senda de política monetaria más contractiva, la deuda pública de estos países se desvalorizó. Los activos de mayor riesgo se vieron favorecidos por un aumento del apetito por riesgo. Las presiones inflacionarias a nivel global permanecen en niveles elevados, aunque siguieron presentando una tendencia a la baja, mientras que la actividad económica se mostró más resiliente de lo esperado. Los principales bancos centrales de economías desarrolladas continuaron con un ciclo de aumentos de tasa de interés, los mercados siguieron descontando mayores aumentos en lo que resta del año y los títulos de deuda pública se desvalorizaron. Los índices de precios al consumidor han continuado evidenciando una tendencia a la baja en la mayoría de los países, principalmente por menores presiones de oferta. Las expectativas de inflación de mercado también cayeron. Los activos de mayor riesgo, tales como las acciones, tuvieron un desempeño favorable por una mejora en el apetito por riesgo, que se había visto afectado el trimestre previo por los eventos adversos en la banca regional de EE. UU. y Credit Suisse en Europa, y posteriormente por la incertidumbre alrededor de las negociaciones del techo de la deuda en EE. UU. A nivel local, los agentes del mercado descuentan una finalización del ciclo de alzas de la tasa de interés del Banco de la República (Banrep) y los títulos de deuda pública se valorizaron. La deuda pública local presentó un comportamiento favorable, superior a los pares de la región, en línea con menores expectativas de inflación, así como unas perspectivas de la finalización del ciclo de aumentos en la tasa de política monetaria TMP) del Banrep y un aumento en el apetito por riesgo a nivel local. Los títulos de largo plazo tuvieron un mejor desempeño relativo a los de corto plazo y por ende la curva de rendimientos se aplanó. Los inversionistas extranjeros acentuaron su tendencia vendedora de títulos de deuda pública en moneda local. No obstante, se mantienen como los segundos mayores tenedores de estos activos, por detrás de los fondos de pensiones locales quienes han realizado compras importantes de estos títulos en lo corrido del año. El mercado monetario continuó operando de manera adecuada y el indicador bancario de referencia (IBR) overnight se ubicó muy cerca de la tasa de política monetaria establecida por la Junta Directiva del Banrep (JDBR), en parte debido a las facilidades con las que el Banrep provee liquidez al mercado. El Banco de la República ofreció repos a distintos plazos y realizó compras en el mercado de deuda pública con el objetivo de suministrar liquidez permanente a la economía y evitar que el IBR se desvíe de la tasa de política monetaria. En cuanto al mercado cambiario, el peso colombiano se apreció por encima de los pares de la región La tasa de cambio alcanzó niveles no observados desde mediados del año pasado, en línea con mayor apetito por riesgo local y flujos que influyeron en su comportamiento. No obstante, el nivel se mantiene desviado del exhibido por las monedas de los países pares de la región si se compara un horizonte de tiempo mayor. Recuadro 1: Factores que pueden incidir en la resistencia de la curva de rendimientos en Colombia a invertirse Aurores: Oscar David Botero Ramírez, Julián Camilo Mateus Gamboa y Cristhian Hernando Ruíz Cardozo Recuadro 2: Compras de activos por parte de los bancos centrales en respuesta a la crisis del Covid-19 Autor: Julián Camilo Mateus Gambo

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity