Induktive Kategorienbildung in der Inhaltsanalyse: Kombination automatischer und manueller Verfahren

Kernstück jeder Inhaltsanalyse ist ein Kategoriensystem, das häufig induktiv-qualitativ an einer kleinen Stichprobe von Texten entwickelt wird. Methoden des Text Mining ermöglichen es heute, eine nahezu unbegrenzte Anzahl an Texten effizient, schnell und nachvollziehbar zu explorieren. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, bei dem solche Methoden eingesetzt werden, um induktiv aus einem umfangreichen Textkorpus Kategorien für eine Inhaltsanalyse zu bilden. Diese Methoden werden mit einer qualitativen, manuellen Inhaltsanalyse kombiniert. Die Kombination verschiedener Verfahren besteht darin, dass zunächst mittels Text Mining thematische Oberkategorien aus einem vorliegenden Textkorpus extrahiert, anschließend manuell validiert und in einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse um Unterkategorien erweitert wurden. Das Vorgehen wird beispielhaft an einem Codebuch erläutert, welches im Rahmen der Auswertung des "Bürgerdialogs" der Bundesregierung "Gut leben in Deutschland" zum Thema Lebensqualität entwickelt und angewendet wurde

Coercive and legitimate authority impact tax honesty:Evidence from behavioral and ERP experiments

Cooperation in social systems such as tax honesty is of central importance in our modern societies. However, we know little about cognitive and neural processes driving decisions to evade or pay taxes. This study focuses on the impact of perceived tax authority and examines the mental chronometry mirrored in ERP data allowing a deeper understanding about why humans cooperate in tax systems. We experimentally manipulated coercive and legitimate authority and studied its impact on cooperation and underlying cognitive (experiment 1, 2) and neuronal (experiment 2) processes. Experiment 1 showed that in a condition of coercive authority, tax payments are lower, decisions are faster and participants report more rational reasoning and enforced compliance, however, less voluntary cooperation than in a condition of legitimate authority. Experiment 2 confirmed most results, but did not find a difference in payments or self-reported rational reasoning. Moreover, legitimate authority led to heightened cognitive control (expressed by increased MFN amplitudes) and disrupted attention processing (expressed by decreased P300 amplitudes) compared to coercive authority. To conclude, the neuronal data surprisingly revealed that legitimate authority may led to higher decision conflict and thus to higher cognitive demands in tax decisions than coercive authority.Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [24863-G1]; Austrian Economic Chamber (WKO)SCI(E)SSCIARTICLE71108-11171

Mitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed

<div><p>Wind turbines represent a source of hazard for bats, especially through collision with rotor blades. With increasing technical development, tall turbines (rotor-swept zone 50–150 m above ground level) are becoming widespread, yet we lack quantitative information about species active at these heights, which impedes proposing targeted mitigation recommendations for bat-friendly turbine operation. We investigated vertical activity profiles of a bat assemblage, and their relationships to wind speed, within a major valley of the European Alps where tall wind turbines are being deployed. To monitor bat activity we installed automatic recorders at sequentially increasing heights from ground level up to 65 m, with the goal to determine species-specific vertical activity profiles and to link them to wind speed. Bat call sequences were analysed with an automatic algorithm, paying particular attention to mouse-eared bats (<i>Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii</i>) and the European free-tailed bat (<i>Tadarida teniotis</i>), three locally rare species. The most often recorded bats were the Common pipistrelle (<i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>) and Savi’s pipistrelle (<i>Hypsugo savii</i>). Mouse-eared bats were rarely recorded, and mostly just above ground, appearing out of risk of collision. <i>T</i>. <i>teniotis</i> had a more evenly distributed vertical activity profile, often being active at rotor level, but its activity at that height ceased above 5 ms^-1 wind speed. Overall bat activity in the rotor-swept zone declined with increasing wind speed, dropping below 5% above 5.4 ms^-1. Collision risk could be drastically reduced if nocturnal operation of tall wind turbines would be restricted to wind speeds above 5 ms^-1. Such measure should be implemented year-round because <i>T</i>. <i>teniotis</i> remains active in winter. This operational restriction is likely to cause only small energy production losses at these tall wind turbines, although further analyses are needed to assess these losses precisely.</p></div

Cumulative number of bat passes per hour in relation to mean hourly wind speed at the truck-mounted crane.

<p>a) all species pooled, b) <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>, c) <i>Hypsugo savii</i>, d) <i>Myotis myotis/Myotis blythii</i> and e) <i>Tadarida teniotis</i>. The black line indicates 95% of the asymptote.</p

Observed (up to 65 m a.g.l.) and projected (>65 m a.g.l.) vertical bat activity profiles (nightly average + SE–the latter expressing between night variation–with 95% confidence intervals of projections shaded in grey) constructed from the hourly number of bat passes recorded at different heights.

<p>a) all species pooled, b) <i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>, c) <i>Hypsugo savii</i>, d) <i>Myotis myotis/Myotis blythii</i> and e) <i>Tadarida teniotis</i>. For more realistic representation the response variable is on the X axis, height a.g.l. being the vertical (Y) axis. The red dashed line represents the lower limit (50 m) of the rotor-swept zone as depicted by the rotor icon (not represented in 1e for enhacing clarity).</p

Probability of hourly bat activity occurrence in relation to mean hourly wind speed (mean ± 95% confidence intervals) at the truck-mounted crane for all species pooled.

<p>a) all heights; b) heights > 50 m a.g.l., i.e. in the dangerous rotor-swept zone. The black solid lines indicate the wind speed at which the probability of activity occurrence drops below 5%.</p