Consequencialismo e virtudes na epistemologia contemporânea: articulações e desafios

O Consequencialismo é bem conhecido como uma tese no campo da Ética, mas podemos também falar de um “consequencialismo” em Epistemologia. Este ensaio pretende apresentar um tipo geral de teoria da justificação epistêmica que, a despeito das características específicas da avaliação moral e da avaliação epistêmica, guarda parentesco com os modelos consequencialistas para a avaliação moral da ação: um modelo baseado em virtudes intelectuais. Além disso, pretendemos explorar alguns desenvolvimentos do projeto melhorativo associado a tal modelo no campo da Educação e, ao fim, indicar algumas dificuldades que rondam as teorias que utilizam o conceito de virtude, dificuldades estas postas pelos resultados das pesquisas situacionistas. Concluiremos defendendo que as abordagens de virtudes permanecem possuindo grande força para o campo da epistemologia, tanto em termos do modelo teórico adotado quanto em termos dos projetos melhorativos a ele associados, apesar de os argumentos situacionistas não poderem ser negligenciados na construção de propostas empiricamente bem fundamentadas

Leading causes of child mortality in Brazil, in 1990 and 2015 : estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study

Objetivo: analisar as taxas de mortalidade e as principais causas de morte na infância no Brasil e estados, entre 1990 e 2015, utilizando estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doença (Global Burden of Disease - GBD) 2015. Métodos: as fontes de dados foram óbitos e nascimentos estimados com base nos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), censos e pesquisas. Foram calculadas proporções e taxas por mil nascidos vivos (NV) para o total de óbitos e as principais causas de morte na infância. Resultados: o número estimado de óbitos para menores de 5 anos, no Brasil, foi de 191.505, em 1990, e 51.226, em 2015, sendo cerca de 90% mortes infantis. A taxa de mortalidade na infância no Brasil sofreu redução de 67,6%, entre 1990 e 2015, cumprindo a meta estabelecida nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). A redução total das taxas foi, em geral, acima de 60% nos estados, sendo maior na região Nordeste. A disparidade entre as regiões foi reduzida, sendo que a razão entre o estado com a maior e a menor taxa diminuiu de 4,9, em 1990, para 2,3, em 2015. A prematuridade, apesar de queda de 72% nas taxas, figurou como a principal causa de óbito em ambos os anos, seguida da doença diarreica, em 1990, e das anomalias congênitas, da asfixia no parto e da sepse neonatal, em 2015. Conclusão: a queda nas taxas de mortalidade na infância representa um importante ganho no período, com redução de disparidades geográficas. As causas relacionadas ao cuidado em saúde na gestação, no parto e no nascimento figuram como as principais em 2015, em conjunto com as anomalias congênitas. Políticas públicas intersetoriais e de saúde específicas devem ser aprimoradas.Objective: to analyze under-5 mortality rates and leading causes in Brazil and states in 1990 and 2015, using the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2015 estimates. Methods: the main sources of data for all-causes under-5 mortality and live births estimates were the mortality information system, surveys, and censuses. Proportions and rates per 1,000 live births (LB) were calculated for total deaths and leading causes. Results: estimates of under-5 deaths in Brazil were 191,505 in 1990, and 51,226 in 2015, 90% of which were infant deaths. The rates per 1,000 LB showed a reduction of 67.6% from 1990 to 2015, achieving the proposed target established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The reduction generally was more than 60% in states, with a faster reduction in the poorest Northeast region. The ratio of the highest and lowest rates in the states decreased from 4.9 in 1990 to 2.3 in 2015, indicating a reduction in socioeconomic regional disparities. Although prematurity showed a 72% reduction, it still remains as the leading cause of death (COD), followed by diarrheal diseases in 1990, and congenital anomalies, birth asphyxia and septicemia neonatal in 2015. Conclusion: under-5 mortality has decreased over the past 25 years, with reduction of regional disparities. However, pregnancy and childbirth-related causes remain as major causes of death, together with congenital anomalies. Intersectoral and specific public health policies must be continued to improve living conditions and health care in order to achieve further reduction of under-5 mortality rates in Brazil

Drug eluting balloons for de novo coronary lesions - a systematic review and meta-analysis

The role of drug-eluting balloons (DEB) is unclear. Increasing evidence has shown a benefit for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. Its effect on de novo coronary lesions is more controversial. Several smaller randomized trials found conflicting results

The Disrupt CAD II Study

BACKGROUND: The feasibility of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for modification of severe coronary artery calcification (CAC) was demonstrated in the Disrupt CAD I study (Disrupt Coronary Artery Disease). We next sought to confirm the safety and effectiveness of IVL for these lesions. METHODS: The Disrupt CAD II study was a prospective multicenter, single-arm post-approval study conducted at 15 hospitals in 9 countries. Patients with severe CAC with a clinical indication for revascularization underwent vessel preparation for stent implantation with IVL. The primary end point was in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization). An optical coherence tomography substudy was performed to evaluate the mechanism of action of IVL, quantifying CAC characteristics and calcium plaque fracture. Independent core laboratories adjudicated angiography and optical coherence tomography, and an independent clinical events committee adjudicated major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: Between May 2018 and March 2019, 120 patients were enrolled. Severe CAC was present in 94.2% of lesions. Successful delivery and use of the IVL catheter was achieved in all patients. The post-IVL angiographic acute luminal gain was 0.83±0.47 mm, and residual stenosis was 32.7±10.4%, which further decreased to 7.8±7.1% after drug-eluting stent implantation. The primary end point occurred in 5.8% of patients, consisting of 7 non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions. There was no procedural abrupt closure, slow or no reflow, or perforations. In 47 patients with post-percutaneous coronary intervention optical coherence tomography, calcium fracture was identified in 78.7% of lesions with 3.4±2.6 fractures per lesion, measuring 5.5±5.0 mm in length. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe CAC who require coronary revascularization, IVL was safely performed with high procedural success and minimal complications and resulted in substantial calcific plaque fracture in most lesions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03328949

Definitions and methodology for the grayscale and radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound and coronary angiographic analyses

Objectives: In a prospective study of the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis using angiography and grayscale and radio

Adverse Cardiovascular Events Arising From Atherosclerotic Lesions With and Without Angiographic Disease Progression

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to use angiography and grayscale and intravascular ultrasound–virtual histology to assess coronary lesions that caused events during a median follow-up period of 3.4 years.BackgroundVulnerable plaque-related events are assumed to be the result of substantial progression of insignificant lesions.MethodsIn the PROSPECT (Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree) study, 697 patients with acute coronary syndromes underwent treatment of all culprit lesions followed by 3-vessel imaging to assess the natural history of culprit and untreated nonculprit (NC) lesions. Future adverse cardiovascular events adjudicated to NC lesions were divided into those with versus without substantial lesion progression (SLP) (≥20% angiographic diameter stenosis increase).ResultsNC lesion events occurred in 72 patients, 44 (61%) with and 28 (39%) without SLP. Myocardial infarctions (n = 6) occurred only in patients with SLP. Conversely, patients without SLP presented only with unstable or increasing angina requiring rehospitalization. Lesions with versus without SLP occurred later (median time to event 401 vs. 223 days, p = 0.07); were less severe at baseline (median diameter stenosis 26.4% vs. 53.8%, p < 0.0001) but more severe at the time of the event (mean diameter stenosis 73.8% vs. 56%, p < 0.0001); and had comparable baseline median plaque burden (68.7% vs. 70.1%, p = 0.17), minimum luminal area (3.7 vs. 4.0 mm2, p = 0.60), and intravascular ultrasound–virtual histology phenotype (83.3% vs. 90.9%, p = 0.68; classified as fibroatheromas at baseline).ConclusionsNC lesions responsible for future cardiovascular events showed angiographic increase during 3.4 years of follow-up, whereas SLP underlay many but not all of them. NC events due to lesions with SLP were angiographically less severe and presented with a delayed time course but were otherwise indistinguishable from NC events that were not associated with SLP

Health-related Quality of Life after coronary revascularization: : A systematic review with meta-analysis

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize evidence and determine the impact of coronary revascularization (CR) on cardiac patients' Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), highlighting factors that may affect this outcome in patients. Methods: A systematic search of Medline (Pubmed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Sciverse (Science Direct and Scopus) and PsycInfo was conducted to identify studies published from January 2000 to December 2012. Data were analyzed using MIX 2.0 Pro and SPSS 20. Results: Thirty-four longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria; these studies included 15,992 patients, of whom 8,027 had undergone PCI, 6,348 had undergone CABG and 1,617 had received medication treatment. Moderate long-term effect sizes were revealed for both CR procedures. Both percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) had significantly greater effects on HRQoL than did medication; however, the CR procedures did not differ significantly from each other. Moderators included the type of instrument used to assess HRQoL and the study quality. Benefits related to physical functioning were greater than those related to psychosocial functioning in patients treated with CABG. Conclusions: Empirical research highlights the positive effect of CR on patient HRQoL. Researchers should carefully select the instrument they use to measure HRQoL, as this may affect the results and thus conclusions. More RCTs and between-group studies employing pre-post designs should be conducted before clear conclusions can be drawn.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Quality of postharvest strawberries: comparative effect of fungal chitosan gel, nanoparticles and gel enriched with edible nanoparticle coatings

This study compared, for the first time, the postharvest conservative action of edible fungal chitosan coatings (gel, nanoparticles and gel-nanoparticle) on the physico-chemical, sensorial and microbiological characteristics of strawberries. The nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic gelation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The antioxidant (DPPH* and ABTS*) activity of the edible coatings and the antimicrobial (macrodilution method) action against phytopathogenic fungi were verified. The nanoparticles had a size of 331.1 nm and a zeta potential of + 34 mV. The gel, nanoparticles and gel+nanoparticles exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 4 to 5, 1.5 to 2.5 and 1.0 + 0.5 to 2.0 + 1.5 g.L−1, respectively. All the edible coatings exhibited antifungal action. All the coatings had high scavenging activity, especially the gel edible coating. The coatings, especially the gel+nanoparticles, decreased the weight loss, microbiological growth, soluble solids, maturity index and moisture loss of the strawberry and preserved the pH values, anthocyanin content, titratable acidity and sensory characteristics. Therefore, the use of chitosan edible coating containing nanoparticles can be a promising strategy to improve the post-harvest quality of strawberries.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparisons of the Effects of Stent Eccentricity on the Neointimal Hyperplasia between Sirolimus-Eluting Stent versus Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent

PURPOSE: Previous studies suggested that asymmetric stent expansion did not affect suppression of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) after sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stent eccentricity (SE) on NIH between SES versus paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) using an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis from the randomized trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial IVUS data were obtained from Post-stent Optimal Expansion (POET) trial, allocated randomly to SES or PES. Three different SE (minimum stent diameter divided by maximum stent diameter) were evaluated; SE at the lesion site with maximal %NIH area (SE-NIH), SE at the minimal stent CSA [SE-minimal stent area (SE-MSA)], and averaged SE through the entire stent (SE-mean). We classified each drug-eluting stents (DES) into the concentric (≥ mean SE) and eccentric groups (< mean SE) based on the mean value of SE. RESULTS: Among 301 enrolled patients, 233 patients [SES (n = 108), PES (n = 125)] underwent a follow-up IVUS. There was no significant correlation between %NIH area and SE-NIH (r = - 0.083, p = 0.391) or SE-MSA (r = - 0.109, p = 0.259) of SES. However, SE-NIH of PES showed a weak but significant correlation with %NIH area (r = 0.269, p < 0.01). As to the associations between SEmean and NIH volume index, SES revealed no significant correlation (r = - 0.001, p = 0.990), but PES showed a weak but significant correlation (r = 0.320, p < 0.01). However, there was no difference in the restenosis rate between the eccentric versus concentric groups of both DES. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that lower SE of both SES and PES, which means asymmetric stent expansion, may not be associated with increased NIH.ope

Residual plaque burden in patients with acute coronary syndromes after successful percutaneous coronary intervention

Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the clinical impact of untreated atherosclerotic disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Background: Residual atherosclerotic disease after successful PCI may predispose future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), angiography underestimates the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Methods: Following successful PCI of all clinically significant lesions in 697 patients with ACS, 3-vessel grayscale and radiofrequency IVUS was performed. Lesions were prospectively characterized, and patients were followed for a median of 3.4 years. A total of 3,229 untreated lesions (4.89 ± 1.98 lesions/patient) were identified by IVUS, with mean plaque burden (PB) of 49.6 ± 4.2%. Results: By angiography these nonculprit lesions were mild, with mean diameter stenosis of 38.9 ± 15.3%. At least 1 lesion with a PB <70% (PB70 lesion) was found in 220 (33%) patients. By multivariable analysis, a history of prior PCI and angiographic 3-vessel disease were independent predictors of PB70 lesions. Patients with PB70 lesions had greater total percent plaque volume, normalized PB, fibroatheromas, thin-cap fibroatheromas, and normalized volumes of necrotic core and dense calcium. Patients with PB70 lesions had greater 3-year rates of MACE due to untreated nonculprit lesions (20.8% vs. 7.7%, p < 0.0001). Among imaged nonculprit lesions, the proportion of PB70 lesions causing MACE was significantly greater than non-PB70 lesions (8.7% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: After successful PCI of all angiographically significant lesions, overall untreated atherosclerotic burden remains high, and PB70 lesions are frequently present in the proximal and mid-coronary tree. Patients with PB70 lesions have greater atherosclerosis throughout the coronary tree, have more thin-cap fibroatheromas, and are at increased risk for future cardiovascular events. (PROSPECT: An Imaging Study in Patients With Unstable Atherosclerotic Lesions; NCT00180466