Typologie et logique socio-économique des systèmes de culture associant céréales et légumineuses dans les agro-écosystèmes soudano-sahéliens du Burkina Faso

Dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du Burkina Faso, les associations mixtes céréales-légumineuses dominent les surfaces cultivées annuellement. Cependant, les rendements sont faibles et ne couvrent souvent pas les besoins alimentaires des exploitations qui les pratiquent. Afin d’améliorer la productivité de ces associations, il est nécessaire de comprendre la logique socio-économique de leurs mises en oeuvre. Dans cette optique, 60 exploitations agricoles familiales (EA) ont été enquêtées dans la région Nord du Burkina. Des analyses en correspondances multiples (ACM) font ressortir 4 types de systèmes de culture caractérisés d’une part par le niveau d’apport de matière organique et la fréquence de désherbage et d’autre part, par la présence de structures pérennes de conservation des eaux et des sols. La fertilisation organique et le désherbage fréquent sont associés aux EA les mieux pourvues en main d’oeuvre familiale, en petits ruminants et surfaces agricoles. L’âge de l’exploitant agricole et le nombre d’épouses sont de bons indicateurs des moyens économiques de l’EA. La plupart des recettes monétaires annuelles par EA varient dans la gamme très large de 25 à 300 KFCFA. Ces aspects doivent être pris en compte en vue de raisonner des propositions techniques adaptées à la diversité des EA de cette région.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: ACM, associations mixtes céréales-légumineuses, typologie des systèmes de culture, logique socioéconomique, Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Typology and socio-economic logic of cropping systems in Sub-Saharan agro-ecosystems of Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractIn Sub-Saharan zone of Burkina Faso, legumes and cereals mixed cultivation systems occupy most of the cultivated area. However, yields are low and often do not cover the food needs of farms that practise them. In order to improve the productivity of these intercropping systems, it is necessary to understand the socio-economic logic of their implementation. To this purpose, sixty family farms were surveyed in the northern region of Burkina Faso. Multiple correspondences analysis (MCA) showed four types of cropping systems characterized on one hand by the level of organic matter intake and weeding frequency and on the other hand, by the presence of permanent structures for water and soil conservation. Organic matter fertilization and frequent weeding are associated with farms with high family labor, livestock (especially small ruminants) and high cultivated area, while 70% of farmers have an off-farm activity. The age of household head and the number of their wives are good indicators of farmers’ income. Most of farmers’ monetary recipes vary widely from 25 to 300 KFCFA. These aspects must be taken into consideration for reasoning suitable technical recommendations for the farmer’s in this region.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: MCA, legumes and cereals mixed cultivation systems, typology of cropping systems, socioeconomic logic, Burkina Fas

0357 : Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome: focus on predisposing anatomical factors

Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is a rare situation with hypoxia and breathlessness in the upright position recovering in the recumbent position. A mechanical inter-atrial septum distortion, causing redirection of flow from the right to the left atrium through a patent foramen ovale (PFO), despite normal pulmonary pressure, is suggested to explain POS. Prevalence of predisposing anatomical factors remain little knownMethodsAll patients who underwent a PFO closure for a POS were retrospectively included from 2 CHU. Predisposing anatomical factors were investigated.Results67 patients (Median age 72 y.o., interquartile range 61-80; 58.2% men) were included. All patients had dyspnea (76.2% NYHA III or IV, 53.7% under oxygen-therapy). The remaining patients had a refractory hypoxemia (38.2%) without POS. Most frequent predisposing anatomical factor was an enlarged or unwound aorta (n=29, 43.3% 95CI 31.2-56.0) with an aortic aneurysm in 25 patients (37.3%, 95CI 25.8-50.0). Other factors identified were pneumonectomy (n=8, 11.9% CI95 5.3-22.2), a history of cardiac surgery (n=7, 10.5%, 95CI 4.3-20.3), mechanical ventilation (n=6, 9.0% 95CI 3.4-18.5), kyphoscoliosis (n=4, 6.0% 95CI 1.7-14.6), hepatomegaly (n=4, 6.0% 95CI 1.7-14.6, 2 patients with hepato-renal polycystic disease, one hemochromatosis and one cirrhosis), right ventricle failure (n=2,3.0% 95CI 0.4-10.4), pericardial effusions (n=2,3.0% 95CI 0.4-10.4), right ventricle arrhythmogenic dysplasia (n=2,3.0% 95CI 0.4-10.4), diaphragmatic paralysis (n=1, 1.5% 95CI 0.1-8.0), carcinoid syndrome with tricuspid regurgitation (n=1, 1.5% 95CI 0.1-8.0), a right atrium pace-maker lead (n=1, 1.5% 95CI 0.1-8.0) and a tako-tsubo syndrome (n=1, 1.5% 95CI 0.1-8.0).ConclusionAortic aneurysm and pneumonectomy are the most frequent situation leading to a POS. Other causes were observed such as hepato-renal polycystic kidney, or atrial pacemaker probe that may be underdiagnosed in clinical practice

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

La peinture et ses images concurrentes dans l'art des années soixante

Les années soixante voient, aux Etats-Unis et en Europe, se développer et proliférer des images qui ne sont plus de la peinture: photographie, publicité, cinéma, bande dessinées envahissent littéralement l' espace social et reconfigurent l' expérience que l'homme peut faire de son environnement, des autres et de lui-même. La peinture parait être, des lors, culturellement et symboliquement disqualifiée. Or un certain nombre de peintres, rompant avec la supposée autonomie de la peinture abstraite, ont choisi de représenter ces images concurrentes. Ils ont représenté ces images, avec parfois une si apparente fidélité, qu'ils ont pris le risque de l'indiscernabilité entre l'image-source et sa copie picturale. Mais si du pop art à l'hyperréalisme en passant par la Figuration narrative, la peinture paraît prendre pour motif et pour modèle ces images, nous nous sommes proposés de montrer que ces répliques, dans la diversité de leur orientation, ne sont pas des copies serviles. A la différence de ce qu'a pu affirmer Arthur Danto, la peinture en imitant les images concurrentes n'a pas donné son assentiment à cette nouvelle visualité. Elle a plutôt cherché à comprendre et interroger ces nouveaux régimes visuels et à découvrir, à cette occasion, de nouveaux ressorts à son pouvoir critique.PARIS1-BU Pierre Mendès-France (751132102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Variability of effects of compost on nodulation, N acquisition and yield of cowpea in sub-Saharan areas of Burkina Faso

Legumes/cereals intercropping systems occupy the largest part of the surface area and are the primary food source of people in semiarid tropical regions. Because of drought and low soil fertility, the average grain yields rarely surpass 0.2 t ha-1 for the cowpea and 0.3 t ha-1 for the millet or sorghum. In the northern region of Burkina, farmers have developed the practice of sowing in bowls of about 15 cm depth and 20 cm diameter, referred to as zaï practice. The zaï bowls are made manually with a hoe. This long and tedious work aims to increase the storage of rainfall-water around the seedlings, and concentrate organic compost application. However, very little data is available on the effects of this organic amendment on the biological N2 fixation, N acquisition and grain yield of the legume. This study aimed at quantifying over three year cycles (2012-2014), the effects of an application of around 9 t ha-1 of compost (0.3 kg-1 zaï bowl) on nodules number per plant and grain yields of cowpea intercropped with sorghum in 12 farmers’ fields. The selected fields represented the various soil types found in this area, and the years of study presented contrasted rainfall patterns. The results showed that the compost application effect on the nodules number per plant varied from highly negative to highly positive depending on the field and the year. The impacts of compost application on the nutrients uptake and yield of the legume were generally positive but also very variable between situations. We will present our analysis of the causes of such variability of the compost effect and will draw the practical consequences for improving these cropping systems in a context of climate change

Millennial-scale variations of the Holocene North Atlantic mid-depth gyre inferred from radiocarbon and neodymium isotopes in cold water corals

International audienceVariations in North Atlantic Ocean mid-depth circulation during the Holocene are poorly understood. It is believed that they had a significant influence on the properties of water entering the Nordic Sea by redistributing heat and freshwater, potentially affecting deep-water formation and climate. To improve our knowledge of the NE Atlantic mid-depth circulation, radiocarbon and neodymium isotope analyses have been then carried out on precisely dated (U-Th) L. pertusa and M. oculata coral fragments from two sediment cores taken at ∼750 m water depth on the SW Rockall Trough margin. Cold-water coral (CWC) εNd values vary between −12.2 ± 0.3 and −16.6 ± 0.4 and result from variable contributions of unradiogenic mid-depth subpolar gyre (mid-SPG) water (∼-15) and more radiogenic Eastern North Atlantic Water (ENAW) (∼-11) which is transported northward to the Rockall Trough by boundary currents along the European margin. Increased coral εNd reflects a westward contraction of the mid-SPG water and a higher proportion of ENAW. The mid-Holocene (from 8.8 to 6.8 ka BP) is marked by unradiogenic coral εNd (from −16.6 ± 0.4 to −14.6 ± 0.5) indicating a greater eastward extension of the mid-SPG. This is followed by a shift from 6.8 to 5 ka BP toward more radiogenic εNd values (from −15.4 ± 0.3 to −13.3 ± 0.2) suggesting a westward contraction of the mid-SPG and a higher proportion of ENAW. The mid-Holocene long-term change in εNd is characterized by millennial variations of up to 2.5 epsilon units well marked during the Late Holocene, indicating that eastward extension of the mid-SPG coeval with warm periods in northern Europe (e.g. the Medieval Climatic Anomaly and the Roman Warm Period). Most of the CWC-derived Δ14C values match the global ocean values indicating that the water masses bathing the corals were generally well ventilated; the exceptions are a few short intervals of eastward extension of the mid-SPG, which are characterized by lower Δ14C during the late Holocene. We propose that these minor Δ14C fluctuations in the Rockall Trough may be related to local changes in the mixed layer depth or to variability in the advection of water from the Labrador Sea where deep convection gives rise to thermocline waters that are relatively depleted in terms of Δ14C.The eastward extension of the mid-SPG between 8.8 and 6.8 ka BP is associated with the Holocene climatic optimum, concurrent with a maximum strength of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), which is indicative of an increase in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This period is followed by a transition in the North Atlantic circulation, which occurred around 6.8 ka BP, and coincides with the onset of Labrador Sea Water formation, a decrease of the ISOW strength and a contraction of the mid-SPG leading to a greater intrusion of saline subtropical water into the subpolar Atlantic

6- Versus 24-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents in Patients Nonresistant to Aspirin

International audienc

"Faidherbia-Flux": adapting crops to climate changes in a semi-arid agro-sylvo-pastoral open observatory (Senegal)

International audienceThe adaptation of semi-arid crops to climate changes is theoretically possible through agroforestry, provided that the trees exert little competition, or even increase the multifunctional LER (LER_M). We monitored microclimate, net primary productivity (NPP), CO2 and H2O fluxes in a semiarid agro-sylvo-pastoral system (Niakhar, Senegal), dominated by the multipurpose Faidherbia albida (FA) tree. Undercrops were mainly millet and peanut, under annual rotation. We scanned a 1.24 ha millet under FA plot with UAV photogrammetry in RGB, thermal infrared and multispectral bands. At harvest, we collected 12 subplots of 15 millet holes each, distributed either below the crown of FA, or at 2.5 x crown radius, or at 5 x crown radius. We separated all organs. The whole millet root system (0-200 cm) was sampled also in 2 m trenches, totalizing 4 millet holes, where all roots were sorted by layer. The whole plot harvest will allow extrapolating yield from subplots, through UAV images. Millet yield per unit ground area was about 3 times higher below FA, with still a positive influence at 2.5 x crown radius and less impacts of pests close to FA. In the trenches, we noted higher soil humidity and SOC close to the FA trunks. This observatory is open for collaboration

Predictors of Clinical Success After Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure: An International Prospective Multicenter Registry

International audienceBackground: Transcatheter closure of a symptomatic prosthetic paravalvular leak (PVL) is feasible, but there is presently no conclusive evidence to show consistent efficacy. We aimed to identify predictors of clinical success after transcatheter PVL closure. Methods: Consecutive patients referred to 24 European centers for transcatheter PVL closure in 2017 to 2019 were included in a prospective registry ( Fermeture de Fuite ParaProthétique , FFPP). Clinical success was absence of any of the following within 1 month: re-admission for heart failure, blood transfusion, open-heart valvular surgery, and death. Results: We included 216 symptomatic patients, who underwent 238 percutaneous PVL closure procedures on the mitral (64.3%), aortic (34.0%), or tricuspid (1.7%) valve. Symptoms were heart failure, hemolytic anemia, or both in 48.9%, 7.8%, and 43.3% of patients, respectively. One, 2, and 3 leaks were treated during the same procedure in 69.6%, 26.6%, and 3.8% of patients, respectively. The PVL was pinpoint or involved 1/8 or 1/4 of the valve circumference in 18.6%, 52.4%, and 28.1% of cases, respectively. The most frequently used devices were the Vascular Plug 3, Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder, Vascular Plug 2, and Paravalvular Leak Device (45.0%, 16.6%, 14.2%, and 13.6% of cases, respectively). Successful device(s) implantation with leak reduction to ≤grade 2 was obtained in 85.0% of mitral and 91.4% of aortic procedures, respectively ( P =0.164); with major periprocedural adverse event rates of 3.3% and 1.2%, respectively ( P =0.371); and clinical success rates of 70.3% and 88.0%, respectively ( P =0.004). By multivariate analysis, technical failure, mechanical valve, and hemolytic anemia were independently associated with absence of clinical success (odds ratios [95% CIs], 7.7 [2.0–25.0]; P= 0.002; 3.6 [1.1–11.1]; P =0.036; and 3.7 [1.2–11.9]; P =0.025; respectively). Conclusions: Transcatheter PVL closure is efficient and safe in symptomatic patients but is associated with a lower clinical success rate in patients with hemolysis and/or a mechanical valve. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifiers: NCT0508913