Consistently Large Cosmic Flows on Scales of 100 Mpc/h: a Challenge for the Standard LCDM Cosmology

Peculiar velocity surveys have non-uniform spatial distributions of tracers, so that the bulk flow estimated from them does not correspond to that of a simple volume such as a sphere. Thus bulk flow estimates are generally not strictly comparable between surveys, even those whose effective depths are similar. In addition, the sparseness of typical surveys can lead to aliasing of small scale power into what is meant to be a probe of the largest scales. Here we introduce a new method of calculating bulk flow moments where velocities are weighted to give an optimal estimate of the bulk flow of an idealized survey, with the variance of the difference between the estimate and the actual flow being minimized. These "minimum variance" estimates can be designed to estimate the bulk flow on a particular scale with minimal sensitivity to small scale power, and are comparable between surveys. We compile all major peculiar velocity surveys and apply this new method to them. We find that most surveys we studied are highly consistent with each other. Taken together the data suggest that the bulk flow within a Gaussian window of radius 50 Mpc/h is 407 km/s toward l=287 and b=8. The large-scale bulk motion is consistent with predictions from the local density field. This indicates that there are significant density fluctuations on very large scales. A flow of this amplitude on such a large scale is not expected in the WMAP5-normalized LCDM cosmology, for which the predicted one-dimensional r.m.s. velocity is ~110 km/s. The large amplitude of the observed bulk flow favors the upper values of the WMAP5 error-ellipse, but even the point at the top of the WMAP5 95% confidence ellipse predicts a bulk flow which is too low compared to that observed at >98% confidence level.Comment: 19 Pages, 7 Figures, MNRAS in Press. Added some references and text to reflect post proofs manuscrip

Cosmic Flows on 100 Mpc/h Scales: Standardized Minimum Variance Bulk Flow, Shear and Octupole Moments

The low order moments, such as the bulk flow and shear, of the large scale peculiar velocity field are sensitive probes of the matter density fluctuations on very large scales. In practice, however, peculiar velocity surveys are usually sparse and noisy, which can lead to the aliasing of small scale power into what is meant to be a probe of the largest scales. Previously, we developed an optimal ``minimum variance'' (MV) weighting scheme, designed to overcome this problem by minimizing the difference between the measured bulk flow (BF) and that which would be measured by an ideal survey. Here we extend this MV analysis to include the shear and octupole moments, which are designed to have almost no correlations between them so that they are virtually orthogonal. We apply this MV analysis to a compilation of all major peculiar velocity surveys, consisting of 4536 measurements. Our estimate of the BF on scales of ~ 100 Mpc/h has a magnitude of |v|= 416 +/- 78 km/s towards Galactic l = 282 degree +/- 11 degree and b = 6 degree +/- 6 degree. This result is in disagreement with LCDM with WMAP5 cosmological parameters at a high confidence level, but is in good agreement with our previous MV result without an orthogonality constraint, showing that the shear and octupole moments did not contaminate the previous BF measurement. The shear and octupole moments are consistent with WMAP5 power spectrum, although the measurement noise is larger for these moments than for the BF. The relatively low shear moments suggest that the sources responsible for the BF are at large distances.Comment: 13 Pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Some changes to reflect the published versio

Two novel human cytomegalovirus NK cell evasion functions target MICA for lysosomal degradation

NKG2D plays a major role in controlling immune responses through the regulation of natural killer (NK) cells, αβ and γδ T-cell function. This activating receptor recognizes eight distinct ligands (the MHC Class I polypeptide-related sequences (MIC) A andB, and UL16-binding proteins (ULBP)1–6) induced by cellular stress to promote recognition cells perturbed by malignant transformation or microbial infection. Studies into human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have aided both the identification and characterization of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs). HCMV immediate early (IE) gene up regulates NKGDLs, and we now describe the differential activation of ULBP2 and MICA/B by IE1 and IE2 respectively. Despite activation by IE functions, HCMV effectively suppressed cell surface expression of NKGDLs through both the early and late phases of infection. The immune evasion functions UL16, UL142, and microRNA(miR)-UL112 are known to target NKG2DLs. While infection with a UL16 deletion mutant caused the expected increase in MICB and ULBP2 cell surface expression, deletion of UL142 did not have a similar impact on its target, MICA. We therefore performed a systematic screen of the viral genome to search of addition functions that targeted MICA. US18 and US20 were identified as novel NK cell evasion functions capable of acting independently to promote MICA degradation by lysosomal degradation. The most dramatic effect on MICA expression was achieved when US18 and US20 acted in concert. US18 and US20 are the first members of the US12 gene family to have been assigned a function. The US12 family has 10 members encoded sequentially through US12–US21; a genetic arrangement, which is suggestive of an ‘accordion’ expansion of an ancestral gene in response to a selective pressure. This expansion must have be an ancient event as the whole family is conserved across simian cytomegaloviruses from old world monkeys. The evolutionary benefit bestowed by the combinatorial effect of US18 and US20 on MICA may have contributed to sustaining the US12 gene family

COMUNICAÇÃO E RELAÇÕES SOCIAIS ESTABELECIDAS ENTRE PAIS ADOECIDOS PELO CÂNCER E SEUS FILHOS

Objetivos: identificar os fatores intervenientes nas relações interpessoais e no processo de comunicação entre pais com câncer e seus filhos, relativos ao processo de adoecimento e descrever as estratégias favorecedoras.Método: revisão integrativa, 25 artigos selecionados, entre 2007 e 2017. Utilizou-se a estratégia de seleção: Patient, Intervention, Comparison e Outcomes para responder as questões norteadoras.Resultados: a funcionalidade da estrutura familiar, bem como as atitudes no adoecimento influenciam a comunicação dos pais com câncer e seus filhos. Na perspectiva dos profissionais, há falta de preparo para estes auxiliarem a família. Quando estratégias são empreendidas, os resultados geram impacto positivo.Conclusão: a qualidade e efetividade da comunicação e das relações interpessoais são alcançadas com uma comunicação efetiva, direcionada e individualizada, amparada por equipe multidisciplinar preparada e articulada para auxiliar tanto os pais como seus filhos, além de estratégias presenciais, individuais e em grupo, bem como o uso de materiais educativos.Objetivos: identificar los factores que interfieren en las relaciones interpersonales y en el procesode comunicación entre padres con cáncer y sus hijos, en lo que se refiere al proceso deenfermedad y describir las estrategias favorables.Método: revisión integral, de 25 artículos seleccionados, entre 2007 y 2017. Se utilizó la estrategiade selección: Patient, Intervention, Comparison y Outcomes para contestar a laspreguntas orientadoras.Resultados: la funcionalidad de la estructura familiar, así como las actitudes en el proceso deenfermedad influencian la comunicación de los padres con cáncer y sus hijos. En la perspectivade los profesionales, hace falta preparación para que estos ayuden a la familia. Cuando seutilizan estrategias, los resultados generan impacto positivo.Conclusión: se puede alcanzar la cualidad y efectividad de la comunicación y de las relacionesinterpersonales por medio de una comunicación efectiva, direccionada y individualizada, consoporte del equipo multidisciplinar preparado y articulado para ayudar tanto a los padrescomo a sus hijos, además de adoptarse estrategias presenciales, individuales y en grupo, asícomo el uso de materiales educativos.Objectives: To identify the intervening factors in interpersonal relations and in the process ofcommunication between parents with cancer and their children, related to the disease processand describe the strategies that favor communication.Method: Integrative review, with 25 articles selected between 2007 and 2017. The selectionstrategy: Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes was used to answer the guidingquestions.Results: The functionality of the family structure, as well as the attitudes taken during thedisease process impact the communication of parents with cancer and their children. Healthprofessionals claim they are not prepared to assist these families. When strategies are undertaken,the results generate positive impact.Conclusion: The quality and effectiveness of communication and interpersonal relationshipsare achieved through effective and individualized communication, supported by a trained andwell-coordinated multidisciplinary team that can assist both the parents and their children,in addition to face-to-face, individual and group strategies, as well as the use of educationalmaterials

Resoluciones estéticas del sector anterior según su origen

Presentación de un caso clínico: Paciente del sexo femenino. Edad: menor de edad. Residencia: La Plata.(provincia de Bs As). Con tratamientos previos: blanqueamiento y restauraciones defectuosas en piezas del sector antero superior.(piezas 11,21,y 22). Mediante la observación clínica de dichas piezas y comparación de las mismas con fotografías e información encontrada en la bibliografía consultada, se llegó al Diagnóstico presuntivo de Amelogénesis imperfecta dado el aspecto clínico de las piezas 11,21 y 22. La amelogénesis imperfecta es una condición en la cual tanto los dientes primarios como los permanentes están cubiertos con una capa de esmalte delgada y deforme. Estructuralmente se observa una capa hipermineralizada externa y una capa hipomineralizada ubicada mas internamente en el esmalte. Desde el punto de vista clínico se observa un esmalte moteado que aunque poco estético es resistente a la caries al estar constituido los cristales por fluorapatita. El color de la corona cubierta de esmalte varia desde blanco hasta grisáceo pasando por las gamas de amarillo. Se ha sugerido que el color está determinado por la translucidez del esmalte, de tal modo que los dientes amarillos tienen un esmalte traslucido y delgado a través del cual se ve el color amarillo de la dentina y que los dientes grisáceos tienen el esmalte más opaco. El color del esmalte también esta dado por la cantidad de proteína en este y el grado de calcificación que es importante para él diagnostico clínico de los pacientes. Dentro de la Amelogénesis Imperfecta podemos citar tres tipos, los cuales son: tipo hipoplásico, tipo de hipomineralización y alteración de corona.Dada la observación del caso sería este incluído en la última clasificación. Las alteraciones que afectan a la formación del esmalte pueden ser de origen genético, sistémico o de origen medioambiental dado que el ameloblasto es una célula muy sensible a los cambios de su entorno. Los defectos pueden afectar solo a una pequeña área de la superficie del esmalte o, por el contrario, a todo el espesor del mismo. De forma similar la alteración puede ser localizada afectando a uno o dos dientes o generalizada afectando a muchas piezas dentarías e incluso a toda la dentición. Los defectos pueden ser, además, simétricos o asimétricos respecto de la línea media de dentición. De entre los procesos arriba indicados aquellos que cursan con un cuadro febril importante, como por ejemplo la fiebre tifoidea, dan lugar a bandas mal formadas en la superficie del esmalte que se originan durante el proceso de amelogénesis. La administración de tetraciclinas puede dar un origen a una banda de pigmentación gris o incluso a una pigmentación total de la estructura del esmalte. Ello se debe a la incorporación del antibiótico a los tejidos que se están mineralizando. La exposición aguda o crónica al flúor en dientes en desarrollo origina alteraciones importantes en la amelogénesis. Al parecer el mecanismo es la degradación alterada de la amelogenina por las proteasas en la fase de maduración y formación del esmalte. Esto da origen a la retención de la amelogenina y a la formación de áreas de esmalte irregular. En relación con las alteraciones genéticas que conducen a la amelogénesis imperfecta se acepta que esta denominación debe quedar restringida a defectos congenitos que afecten solo a la formación del esmalte (alteración de la amelogénesis no sindromica), y no a aquellas alteraciones en la formación del esmalte que acompañan a otros defectos metabólicos y morfológicos presentes en otros sistemas corporales (alteraciones de la amelogénesis sindromica).Tratamiento Podemos seguir dos caminos diferentes. Tratamiento Ideal:Carillas Tratamiento Alternativo:Restauraciones Estéticas del sector Anterior. Se toma como camino el tratamiento Alternativo de restauraciones Estéticas del Sector Anterior ,teniendo en cuenta La edad de la paciente ( recordemos que es una paciente menor de edad) ,la condición económica de la misma(en cuanto al tipo de Tratamiento que podía costear en dicho momento),y por último y lo más importante a tener en cuenta las condiciones en las que se encontró en dicho momento las piezas dentarias que ya fueron sometidas con anterioridad a tratamiento previos de Blanqueamiento y restauraciones de composite defectuosas sin llegar al éxito esperado por la paciente. Al tener en cuenta la estructura dental es de fundamental importancia considerar la anatomía de las piezas, en cuanto a tamaño, forma, y espesor de los tejodos dentarios. Ya que en la Amelogénesis Imperfecta nos encontramos ante una superficie de Esmalte delgada y deforme!!! Debemos tener en cuenta que la estética juega un papel fundamental en la selección del tipo de material y la exigencia del odontólogo en lograr un mayor o menor grado de armonía óptica al realizar la restauración.Facultad de Odontologí

Os sistemas de abastecimento e de tratamento de água de Pacaembu - SP

Este trabalho é uma síntese do artigo elaborado para a disciplina de Problemas Ambientais Urbanos, ministrada no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), câmpus de Presidente Prudente - SP. Dentre os vários elementos trabalhados nele, optamos por apresentar aqui os sistemas de abastecimento e de tratamento de água do município de Pacaembu - SP. Para a compreensão deles, realizamos uma visita técnica ao Departamento de Água e de Esgoto (DAE) e entrevistas semiestruturadas, além da obtenção de dados em diferentes portais, dentre eles o da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), o do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) e o da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). A interpretação e a discussão de todos os resultados obtidos foram amparadas na revisão bibliográfica e nas consultas às resoluções do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). No que tange aos resultados obtidos, destacamos que a água oferecida pelo sistema de abastecimento de Pacaembu é de boa qualidade, conforme pesquisa de Yasui (2015), sendo que o volume captado a partir de sete poços é superior à demanda. Referente ao tratamento, são utilizadas a cloração e a fluoretação. Palavras-chave: Abastecimento de água; Tratamento de água; Pacaemb

Sulfur Vacancy Related Optical Transitions in Graded Alloys of MoxW1-xS2 Monolayers

Engineering the electronic bandgap is of utmost importance in diverse domains ranging from information processing and communication technology to sensing and renewable energy applications. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provide an ideal platform for achieving this goal through techniques including alloying, doping, and creating in-plane or out-of-plane heterostructures. Here, we report on the synthesis and characterization of atomically controlled two-dimensional graded alloy of MoxW1-xS2, wherein the center region is Mo rich and gradually transitions towards a higher concentration of W atoms at the edges. This unique alloy structure leads to a continuously tunable bandgap, ranging from 1.85 eV in the center to 1.95 eV at the edges consistent with the larger band gap of WS2 relative to MoS2. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of sulfur monovacancy, VS, whose concentration varied across the graded MoxW1-xS2 layer as a function of Mo content with the highest value in the Mo rich center region. Optical spectroscopy measurements supported by ab initio calculations reveal a doublet electronic state of VS, which was split due to the spin-orbit interaction, with energy levels close to the conduction band or deep in the band gap depending on whether the vacancy is surrounded by W atoms or Mo atoms. This unique electronic configuration of VS in the alloy gave rise to four spin-allowed optical transitions between the VS levels and the valence bands. Our work highlights the potential of simultaneous defect and optical engineering of novel devices based on these 2D monolayers.Comment: 65 pages, 7 figures in main text. 21 figures in supplemental dat

Investigations of Carbon Nitride-Supported Mn3O4 Oxide Nanoparticles for ORR

Earth-abundant Mn-based oxide nanoparticles are supported on carbon nitride using two different immobilization methods and tested for the oxygen reduction reaction. Compared to the metal free CN, the immobilization of Mn oxide enhances not only the electrocatalytic activity but also the selectivity towards the 4e- reduction reaction of O-2 to H2O. The XPS analysis reveals the interaction of the pyridine N species with Mn3O4 nanoparticles being particularly beneficial. This interaction is realized-although to a limited extent-when preparing the catalysts via impregnation; via the oleic acid route it is not observed. Whilst this work shows the potential of these systems to catalyze the ORR, the main limiting factor is still the poor conductivity of the support which leads to overpotential

Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies

The study of the collapse of past societies raises many questions for the theory and practice of archaeology. Interest in collapse extends as well into the natural sciences and environmental and sustainability policy. Despite a range of approaches to collapse, the predominant paradigm is environmental collapse, which I argue obscures recognition of the dynamic role of social processes that lie at the heart of human communities. These environmental discourses, together with confusion over terminology and the concepts of collapse, have created widespread aporia about collapse and resulted in the creation of mixed messages about complex historical and social processes