Sonographic evaluation of the median nerve at the wrist.

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135356/1/jum20012091011.pd

Role of Biological Elements of Goat for Curative / Preventive Measures against Tuberculosis

This paper focus on the results of attempts to search the probable system and causes and their modes of action for treatment of tuberculosis by the goats’ biological elements like blood, urine, excreta, sweat etc. For this object we carried out a simple experiment by performing Mantoux test on goat. The concept behind this is that if there is presence of any antitubercular antibodies in poor's blood and then the test will show positive result due to agglutination reaction; as Acharya stated the use of goat's blood for curative treatment of tuberculosis. These means that Ayurvedic classics assume that there should be something present in goat blood which acts as antituberculosis agents. As tuberculosis is mainly cured by two methods: either by using antimycobacterial drug or by enhancing the individual’s immunity. This goat’s blood as we assume it act as antitubercular agent then it should work as antimycobacterium, the other possibility is that the goals antibodies are not sensitive for tubercular antigen so that it has congenital immunity against tuberculosis. In this condition we can't isolate the antibodies from goat's blood for the curative purpose of tuberculosis. This paper will show the result of experiment and validity of concept that either goat's blood has curative property against tuberculosis or not

fMRI Response During Figural Memory Task Performance in College Drinkers [pre-print]

Rationale: 18-25-year-olds show the highest rates of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and heavy drinking, which may have critical neurocognitive implications. Regions subserving memory may be particularly susceptible to alcohol-related impairments. Objective: We used blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of visual encoding and recognition among heavy drinking college students. We predicted that heavy drinkers would show worse memory performance and increased frontal/parietal activation and decreased hippocampal response during encoding. Methods: Participants were 23 heavy drinkers and 33 demographically matched light drinkers, ages 18-20, characterized using quantity/frequency of drinking and AUD diagnosis. Participants performed a figural encoding and recognition task during fMRI. BOLD response during encoding was modeled based on whether each stimulus was subsequently recognized or forgotten (i.e., correct vs. incorrect encoding). Results: There were no group differences in behavioral performance. Compared to light drinkers, heavy drinkers showed: 1) greater BOLD response during correct encoding in right hippocampus/medial temporal, right dorsolateral prefrontal, left inferior frontal, and bilateral posterior parietal cortices; 2) less left inferior frontal activation and greater bilateral precuneus deactivation during incorrect encoding; and 3) less bilateral insula response during correct recognition (clusters \u3e10,233ul, p Conclusions: This is the first investigation of the neural substrates of figural memory among heavy drinking older adolescents. Heavy drinkers demonstrated compensatory hyperactivation of memory-related areas during correct encoding, greater deactivation of default mode regions during incorrect encoding, and reduced recognition-related response. Results could suggest use of different encoding and recognition strategies among heavy drinkers

“We are the soul, pearl and beauty of Hindu Kush Mountains”: exploring resilience and psychological wellbeing of Kalasha, an ethnic and religious minority group in Pakistan

The Kalasha are a marginalized ethnic and religious minority group in northern Pakistan. The Kalasha minority is known for their divergent polytheistic beliefs, and represents the outliers of the collectively monotheistic Muslim population of Pakistan. This study aimed to explore the psychological resilience beliefs and lived experiences of the Kalasha and to identify cultural protective factors and indigenous beliefs that help them maintain psychological wellbeing and resilience. Seven semi-structured interviews and two focus-group discussions were conducted. The total sample consisted of 6 women and 8 men, aged 20–58 years (Mage = 36.29, SD = 12.58). The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis qualitative method was chosen. Study findings identified that factors contributing to the wellbeing, happiness and resilience enhancement beliefs of Kalasha included five main themes, all influenced by their unique spirituality: contentment, pride in social identity, tolerance, gender collaboration and gratitude. The study also revealed the Kalasha’s perception of their marginalization related to challenges and threats. The Kalasha emphasized bringing these resilience enhancement beliefs into practice, as a mean to buffer against challenges. In conclusion, this study revealed Kalasha’s wellbeing and resilience enhancement factors, which they believed in and practiced as an element of their indigenous culture and religion

Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study

Despite current guidelines, intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery remains widespread. Drains were not associated with earlier detection of intraperitoneal collections, but were associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of surgical-site infections.Background Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice. Methods COMPASS (COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery) was a prospective, international, cohort study which enrolled consecutive adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery (February to March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included: rate and time to diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections; rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); time to discharge; and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade at least III). After propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the independent association of the secondary outcomes with drain placement. Results Overall, 1805 patients from 22 countries were included (798 women, 44.2 per cent; median age 67.0 years). The drain insertion rate was 51.9 per cent (937 patients). After matching, drains were not associated with reduced rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 2.23; P = 0.287) or earlier detection (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 0.33 to 2.31; P = 0.780) of collections. Although not associated with worse major postoperative complications (OR 1.09, 0.68 to 1.75; P = 0.709), drains were associated with delayed hospital discharge (HR 0.58, 0.52 to 0.66; P < 0.001) and an increased risk of SSIs (OR 2.47, 1.50 to 4.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion Intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery is not associated with earlier detection of postoperative collections, but prolongs hospital stay and increases SSI risk

Event-related potentials reveal multiple components of proactive and reactive control in task switching

Task-switching performance relies on both proactive control processes that contribute to preparation during the cue-target interval and reactive control processes that contribute to interference control after target onset. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have excellent temporal resolution that is unmatched by other neuroimaging methods. In the context of task-switching paradigms, ERPs offer a unique approach for temporally distinguishing between proactive and reactive control processes that contribute to variability in task-switching performance. In this chapter, we highlight findings from the ERP task-switching literature that inform theoretical models of task-switching and cognitive control. Within the cue-target interval, we focus primarily on the cue-locked 'switch-positivity', a parietally-maximal increase in positivity for switch than for repeat trials. We present evidence that proactive control during task-switching involves both general and switch-specific preparation, and that switch-specific preparation itself consists of multiple processes. After target onset, we review evidence for switch-related modulation of frontocentral N2 and centroparietal P3b components that are related to conflict control and decision processes, as well as the lateralised readiness potential (LRP), which indexes processes associated with response preparation and implementation. We discuss evidence that reactive control in task-switching involves resolution of target-related interference and difficulty of task implementation processes, and that both response selection and response activation are modulated by the need to switch tasks. Finally, we present emerging evidence from studies that combine ERP measures with other techniques, such as formal cognitive modeling, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and imaging genetics. We conclude that these multi-modal approaches enhance our understanding of individual differences in cognitive control and refine current neural models of cognitive control.

A NOVEL LOGIC TO STATOR SINGLE PHASE - TO - GROUND FAULT FOR POWER-FORMER

The stator single-phase to ground fault is one of the most common fault that a Generator will suffer. If such fault is neglected then there are chances of converting it into phase to phase fault. So there is need to detect and isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as early as possible. Because of this, protection is very important otherwise there is shortage of power in our system. The proposed approach detects the ground fault by analyzing the direction, magnitude, and energy of leakage current, which is the difference of zero-sequence current fault component between the neutral and the terminal of Power-former. The aim of the study carried out was realizing 100% coverage of fault detection in internal &external fault protection for the stator winding of Power former