Caracterización de las mineralizaciones de Gavà: implicaciones geoarqueológicas

[spa] El municipio de Gavà (Cataluña) ha sido históricamente rico en recursos minerales, los cuales se han explotado desde hace más de 6.000 años. En este sentido, son especialmente destacables el caso de los minerales de hierro, beneficiados durante las épocas Íbera, Romana, la Edad Media y hasta la era industrial del siglo XIX-XX, y el de la variscita (un fosfato de aluminio de color verde intenso), que se explotó intensamente durante el Neolítico. A nivel geológico, las mineralizaciones de hierro de Gavà se formaron en dos estadios diferenciados. En el primero, la circulación de fluidos hidrotermales de baja temperatura produjo la ankeritización de las calizas de las series del Devónico; mientras que, en un segundo estadio, dichos carbonatos fueron alterados por fluidos de origen supergénico durante el Plioceno y el Cuaternario, formándose depósitos de goethita y hematites. El estilo de mineralización depende en gran medida de las características del protolito reemplazado, lo cual lleva a la definición de tres estilos de mineralización: (1) el reemplazamiento supergénico de calizas masivas ankeritizadas del Prídoli; (2) el reemplazamiento de alternancias de calizas ankeritizadas con pizarras del Lochkoviense que contienen pirita diseminada; (3) el reemplazamiento de protolitos complejos, con alteración simultánea de carbonatos cabalgados por pizarras ricas en sulfuros y niveles de fosfatos. Estas últimas son las mineralizaciones de mayor tamaño y grado del área. En cuanto al conjunto de minas neolíticas de Gavà, explotadas para el beneficio de la variscita, se pueden distinguir dos zonas mineras diferenciadas: Can Tintorer, que incluye el actual Parque Arqueológico de las Minas de Gavà (PAMiG), y Les Ferreres. Este conjunto de minas constituye uno de los complejos mineros más antiguos conocidos en Europa, así como el ejemplo más antiguo de la aplicación de conceptos geológicos y mineros complejos. En estas minas se explotaba principalmente la variscita, pero también la turquesa, para la fabricación de ornamentos. Recientemente, se ha podido constatar que se excavaban algunos pozos y túneles de exploración para el beneficio de otros minerales verdosos de aspecto similar y que se han caracterizado como fases del grupo de las esmectitas o las canditas. En la zona de Les Ferreres las explotaciones son simples, mostrando una entrada única a galerías simples o rampas que alcanzan menos de 5 m de profundidad y excavadas directamente en afloramientos de fosfatos. En contraste, en la zona de Can Tintorer la presencia de abundantes vetas subverticales de variscita permitió un complejo desarrollo de galerías en diferentes niveles de explotación comunicadas por pozos y rampas, alcanzándose 15 m de profundidad. La explotación empleada por los mineros neolíticos fue mediante realce ascendente y descendente; aunque también usaron pilares y rellenos de explotaciones más antiguas para evitar el colapso de la mina. Asimismo, quizás con el fin de favorecer la estabilidad de las galerías, algunos pozos fueron cavados directamente en el duro caliche cuaternario discordante, revelando que los mineros intuyeron la existencia de la mineralización por debajo de la cubierta de caliches. La variscita de la zona de Can Tintorer reemplaza niveles de fluorapatito intercalados con pizarras negras meteorizadas de la serie del Silúrico, o bien aparece en forma de vetillas que cortan a estos materiales. Este conjunto está localmente cubierto por caliches discordantes del Cuaternario. La variscita, junto con los otros fosfatos y sulfatos encontrados en Gavà, se formó por la acción de fluidos meteóricos ácidos y oxidantes que generaron una intensa meteorización durante el Pleistoceno temprano, afectando a series de pizarras negras y fosfatos sinsedimentarios del Silúrico. La circulación de estos fluidos ácidos en niveles más profundos del perfil generó mineralizaciones similares en vetas supergénicas compuestas por fosfatos secundarios (p. ej., variscita, perhamita, crandallita, fosfosiderita) y sulfatos (p. ej., jarosita, alunita). En este estudio se ha descrito que esta mineralización supergénica está significativamente enriquecida en ciertos elementos críticos (p. ej., galio, elementos de las tierras raras, indio, cobalto y antimonio) que se movilizaron a partir de los componentes de la roca y luego se hospedaron en la estructura cristalina de los minerales supergénicos. Los procesos de meteorización y el correspondiente enriquecimiento supergénico de elementos críticos en el depósito de Gavà podrían utilizarse como ejemplo para determinar las pautas de exploración de elementos críticos en los perfiles de meteorización y los fosfatos supergénicos asociados en todo el mundo. Con el propósito de esclarecer las causas de las diferentes coloraciones de la variscita de Gavà, que pueden variar del verde musgo al verde oliva, e incluso, al verde blanquecino, se elaboró un estudio tridimensional de la distribución de las fases minerales para determinar los parámetros implicados en los colores de la variscita. Los métodos comprenden colorimetría cuantitativa, petrografía de lámina delgada en luz transmitida y reflejada, SEM-EDS, microsonda electrónica (EMPA), difracción de polvo de rayos X (XRD) y espectroscopía Raman y Mössbauer. La distribución de estos valores en las minas indica que el color no depende directamente de la profundidad. Aunque la variscita de Gavà es pobre en cromo III y vanadio III, en comparación con la variscita gema de otras localidades, las muestras de color verde intenso contienen los valores más altos de cromo III. En el caso de mezclas criptocristalinas con jarosita, fosfosiderita o goethita, la variscita tiende a adquirir una tonalidad marrón verdosa a olivácea. Si en las mezclas intervienen minerales blancos, como cuarzo, candita, crandallita o alunita, los colores de la variscita y la turquesa se vuelven más pálidos.[eng] The town of Gavà (Catalonia) has been historically rich in mineral resources, which have been exploited for 6,000 years. Iron ores were mined during the Iberian, the Roman, the Middle Ages, and even the industrial periods (19th and 20th century) and variscite (a green-coloured aluminium phosphate) was intensively mined during the Neolithic age. Geologically, the Gavà iron mineralization were developed in two different stages. Firstly, the circulation of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids produced the ankerization of the Devonian limestones series. In the second stage, these carbonates were altered by fluids of supergenic origin during the Pliocene and Quaternary period, forming deposits of goethite and hematite. The mineralization style depends to a large extent on the characteristics of the supersesed protolith, leading to the definition of three types of mineralization: (1) the supergene replacement of massive Pridolian ankeritized limestones; (2) the replacement of ankeritized limestone alternations, with Lockovian shales containing disseminated pyrite; (3) the replacement of complex protoliths, with simultaneous carbonate alteration overridden by sulphide-rich shales and phosphate levels. The latter are the largest and graded mineralization in the region. As to the Gavà Neolithic Mining Complex, mined for the benefit of variscite, there are two distinct mining areas: Can Tintorer, which comprises the present-day Gavà Mines Archaeological Park (PAMiG), and Les Ferreres. This set of mines is one of the oldest known mining complexes in Europe, and the earliest example of applying complex geological and mining concepts. In this mines, manly variscite, but also turquoise, were exploited to make ornament. Recently, it has been possible to verify that some wells and exploration tunnels were dug to obtain other greenish minerals with a similar ap- pearance. This minerals have been characterized as smectite or candita group phases. In Les Ferreres area the exploitations are simple, showing a single entrance to simple galleries or ramps that reach less than 5 m in depth and are excavated directly in phosphate outcrops. In contrast, in the Can Tintorer area, the presence of abundant subvertical veins of variscite allowed a complex development of galleries at different exploitation levels. This galleries are connected by shafts and ramps, reaching a depth of 15 m. The exploitation used by the Neolithic miners consisted of ascending and descending enhancement; although they also used pillars and fill from elder workings to prevent mine collapse. Likewise, perhaps to promote the stability of the galleries, some wells were dug directly into the unconformable hard Quaternary calcrete. This could reveal that the miners intuited the existence of mineralization below the calcrete cover. The variscite from the Can Tintorer area replaces (1) fluorapatite levels intercalated with weathered black shales from the Silurian series, (2) or veinlets that cut these materials. This assemblage is locally covered by discordant Quaternary calcrete. Variscite, as other phosphates and sulphates found in Gavà, was formed by the action of acidic and oxidizing meteoric fluids. This fluid generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of black shales and synsedimentary phosphates from the Silurian period. The circulation of acidic fluids in the deeper profile area generated similar mineralization in supergene veins composed of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralization has been described, in this study, to be significantly enriched in certain critical elements (eg, gallium, rare-earth element, indium, cobalt, and antimony) that were mobilized from rock components and then hosted in the crystal structure of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and the corresponding supergene enrichment of critical elements in the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine critical elements exploration patterns in weathering profiles. It could be also useful as associated supergene phosphates around the world. Gavà variscite colours can vary from moss green to olive green, and even whitish green. With the aim of clarifying the causes of this different colours, a 3-D study of the distribution of mineral phases were carried out to determine the parameters involved on. Methods comprise quantitative colourimetry, thin section petrography, SEM-EDS, EMPA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The distribution values in the mines indicates that colour is not directly dependent on depth. Although, variscite from Gavà is poor in chromium III and vanadium III, compared with gemmy variscite from other localities, the deep green samples content the highest values of chromium III. In the case of cryptocrystalline mixtures with jarosite, phosphosiderite or goethite, variscite tends to acquire a greenish brown to olivaceous hue. If white minerals as quartz, kandite, crandallite or alunite are involved in the mixtures, variscite and turquoise colours become paler

Reclutamiento de juveniles de peces a una pequeña laguna semi-obturada de clima templado (Argentina) y la influencia de factores ambientales durante el proceso

Juvenile fishes were sampled every 15 days from September 2009 to April 2010 along the marine-estuarine gradient (surf zone, estuary and a freshwater stream) of the Mar Chiquita lagoon, Argentina. The temporal variations of juvenile assemblages in spring-summer and the environmental variables related to the spatial and temporal patterns were analysed. Four groups of sampling stations were defined, indicating differences in fish composition among zones during the spring–early summer period (Groups I to III), while the composition of juvenile fishes was homogeneous along the marine-estuarine gradient during the late summer–early autumn period (Group IV). Platanichthys platana and Ramnogaster arcuata (Group A) and Odontesthes argentinensis and Brevoortia aureaz (Group B) contributed most to the temporal differences observed. The three first species reached this estuarine system in spring, although with lower abundances than in early summer, while B. aurea was dominant in late summer–early autumn, showing different periods of recruitment of these species into the lagoon. After factoring out variation due to shared spatial-temporal-environmental factors (4.43%), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that temporal factors had an almost five times greater contribution (15.15%) than spatial factors (2.85%) and almost twice as great as the pure environmental factors (8.11%) to explaining the variation in abundance of the juvenile fishes. From the significant environmental variables incorporated in the CCA, wind direction contributed more than water temperature, salinity or transparency in explaining data variability. Indeed, most species were related to “onshore winds” and therefore the importance of wind in the successful recruitment of juveniles into this shallow and micro-tidal estuary is discussed.Los juveniles de peces se recolectaron cada 15 días desde septiembre de 2009 a abril de 2010 a lo largo de un gradiente marino-estuarino (en una zona de rompiente, estuario y un arroyo de agua dulce) de la laguna costera Mar Chiquita (Argentina). Se analizaron las variaciones temporales de las asociaciones de juveniles durante el periodo primavera-verano y las variables ambientales que estuvieron relacionadas con los patrones espaciales y temporales. Fueron definidos cuatro grupos de estaciones de muestreo indicando diferencias en la composición de peces entre zonas durante el período de primavera-verano temprano (grupos I a III), mientras que la composición de peces juveniles fue homogénea a lo largo del gradiente marino-estuarino durante el período de verano tardío-otoño temprano (grupo IV). Platanichthys platana y Ramnogaster arcuata (Grupo A), y Odontesthes argentinensis y Brevoortia aurea (Grupo B) fueron las especies que más contribuyeron a las diferencias temporales observadas. Las tres primeras especies llegaron a este sistema estuarino durante la primavera, aunque con menor abundancia en relación a la registrada en verano temprano, mientras que B. aurea fue dominante durante el verano tardío-otoño temprano, mostrando períodos de reclutamiento a la laguna distintos. Después de factorizar la variación compartida entre el factor espacial, el temporal y las variables ambientales (4.43%), el análisis de correspondencia canónica (CCA) mostró que el componente temporal tuvo una contribución casi 5 veces mayor (15.15%) a la del componente espacial (2.85%), y casi el doble a la de los factores puramente ambientales (8.11%) para explicar la variación en la abundancia de los juveniles de peces. De las variables ambientales significativas que fueron incorporadas en el CCA, la dirección del viento contribuyó más que la temperatura, la salinidad o la transparencia del agua en explicar la variabilidad de los datos. De hecho, la mayoría de las especies estuvieron relacionadas con los “vientos marinos” y, por lo tanto, se discute la importancia del viento en el éxito del reclutamiento de juveniles de peces a este estuario poco profundo y de régimen micro-mareal

La inteligencia emocional y el clima social familiar en las estudiantes del VII ciclo del C.E.P. “Santa Rosa Misioneras Dominicas del Rosario” Huacho; Lima, 2013

La presente investigación se enmarca dentro de las investigaciones descriptivas, correlacionales y transversales. Por medio de la observación, análisis, comparación y descripción de las variables, la Inteligencia Emocional y el Clima Social Familiar tiene como finalidad establecer la relación entre La Inteligencia Emocional y el Clima Social Familiar, en las estudiantes del VII ciclo del C.E.P. “Santa Rosa Misioneras Dominicas del Rosario” Huacho; Lima. La muestra estuvo conformada por 120 estudiantes del 3 ero, 4to y 5to de secundaria, a quienes se le aplicó los instrumentos validados del Inventario de Inteligencia Emocional de Bar-On ICE - NA en niños y adolescentes, adaptado por la Dra. Nelly Ugarriza Chávez y Liz Pajares del Águila; así como la escala del Clima Social Familiar de Moors y Trickett, adaptada por César Ruis Alva – Eva Guerra Turin. Los resultados mostraron que existe relación significativa entre la Inteligencia Emocional y el Clima Social Familiar, demostrando la influencia que ejerce el medio ambiente de su entorno y dentro de ello al clima social familiar donde se desenvuelve el adolescente se plasma mediante el aprendizaje de conducta en función a modelos, siendo los padres las figuras más significativas

The BEST Dataset of Language Proficiency

http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00522/full#supplementary-materialThis research has been partially funded by grants PSI2015-65689-P, PSI2015-67353-R, and SEV-2015-0490 from the Spanish Government, AThEME-613465 from the European Union and a personal fellowship given by the BBVA Foundation to the last author

Retinal Vascularization Abnormalities Studied by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Moderate Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most severe and frequent retinal vascular disease that causes significant visual loss on a global scale. The purpose of our study was to evaluate retinal vascularization in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), the deep capillary plexus (DCP) and the choriocapillaris (CC) and changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) by optical tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) with moderate DR but without diabetic macular oedema (DME). Fifty-four eyes of DM2 with moderate DR (level 43 in the ETDRS scale) and without DME and 73 age-matched healthy eyes were evaluated using OCTA with swept-source (SS)-OCT to measure microvascularization changes in SCP, DCP, CC and the FAZ. The mean ages were 64.06 ± 11.98 and 60.79 ± 8.62 years in the DM2 and control groups, respectively. Visual acuity (VA) was lower in the DM2 patients (p = 0.001), OCTA showed changes in the SCP with a significant diminution in the vascular density and the FAZ area was significantly higher compared to healthy controls, with p < 0.001 at the SCP level. The most prevalent anatomical alterations were peripheral disruption in the SCP (83.3%), microaneurysms (MA) in the SCP and in the DCP (79.6% and 79.6%, respectively) and flow changes in the DCP (81.5%). A significant positive correlation was observed between the DM2 duration and the FAZ area in the SCP (0.304 with p = 0.025). A significant negative correlation was also found between age and CC central perfusion (p < 0.001). In summary, a decrease in the vascular density in DM2 patients with moderate DR without DME was observed, especially at the retinal SPC level. Furthermore, it was found that the FAZ was increased in the DM2 group in both retinal plexuses and was greater in the SCP group

Critical Elements in Supergene Phosphates: The Example of the Weathering Profile at the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Catalonia, Spain

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide

Candidemia con foco endovascular en injerto aórtico valvulado, diagnóstico por imagen en la era multimodalidad: resonancia magnética de corazón

We present a case of infective endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis in a vascular suture of the ascending thoracic aorta. Cardiac magnetic resonance gave the definitive diagnosis.Presentamos el caso de un paciente con endocarditis infecciosa por Candida parapsilosis sobre una zona de sutura vascular en la aorta torácica ascendente. La RM de corazón fue determinante a la hora de establecer un diagnóstico correcto

Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposits as a Possible Source for Critical Elements: The Eureka Mine Case, Castell-Estaó, Catalonia

The Eureka deposit in Castell-estaó in the Catalan Pyrenees is a Cu-U-V deposit, hosted by Triassic red-bed sandstones, and classified here as a low-temperature, sandstone-hosted stratabound metamorphite U deposit. The main mineralisation is stratabound, related to coal-bearing units and produced during the Alpine deformation by migration of hydrothermal fluids. In this stage, the original sedimentary and diagenetic components (quartz and calcite, micas, hematite and locally apatite) were replaced by a complex sequence of roscoelite, fine-grained REE phosphates, sulphides and Ni-Co arsenides and sulpharsenides, Ag-Pb selenides, bismuth phases, sulphosalts and uraninite. The black shales of the Silurian sediments underlying the deposit and the nearby Carboniferous volcanoclastic rocks are interpreted as the source of the redox-sensitive elements concentrated in Eureka. The sulphur source is related to leaching of the evaporitic Keuper facies. The REE transport would be facilitated by SO4-rich solutions. The reduction of these solutions by interaction with organic matter resulted in the widespread precipitation of REE and redox-sensitive elements, including many critical metals (V, Bi, Sb, Co), whereas barite precipitated in the oxidized domains. The occurrence of similar enrichments in critical elements can be expected in other similar large uranium deposits, which could be a source of these elements as by-products. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Colours of Gemmy Phosphates from the Gavà Neolithic Mines (Catalonia, Spain): Origin and Archaeological Significance

In the Neolithic Gavà mines, variscite and turquoise were exploited for ornaments manufacturing, although some prospective pits and tunnels were dug on other similar greenish minerals such as smectite or kandite. A 3D study of the distribution of mineral phases allows us to determine the parameters involved in variscite colours. Methods are comprised of quantitative colourimetry, thin section petrography, SEM-BSE-EDS, EMPA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. Mapping of the mines indicates that colour is not directly dependent on depth. Although variscite from Gavà is poor in Cr3+ and V+3 compared with gemmy variscite from other localities, the deep green samples content has the highest values of Cr3+. In the case of cryptocrystalline mixtures with jarosite, phosphosiderite, or goethite, variscite tends to acquire a greenish brown to olivaceous hue. If white minerals such as quartz, kandite, crandallite, or alunite are involved in the mixtures, variscite and turquoise colours become paler