Factores asociados al emprendimiento de migrantes colombianos retornados: una aproximación Bayesiana

In this work, a set of characteristics associated with the fact that a returned Colombian migrant becomes an entrepreneur are identified. A set of data obtained from a modified form developed in 2012 (only for that year) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey, were used in the analyses. The modified form included a set of questions about entrepreneurship to people who had returned to the country after living abroad an amount of time. A comparison was made between the probabilities of entrepreneurship in two regions of the country, Bogotá, the capital and the area with the greatest economic and financial development (n = 204), and the departments of the Colombian Caribbean Coast, an area with less industrial development and greater tourist strength (n = 203). The results were obtained using methods of the Bayesian paradigm of Statistics. Nine informative prior distributions constructed from the observed data (Empirical Bayes Methods) were considered and the Bayes factor was used as a criterion to select the model with the best fit to the data. According to the results, the factors that affect the probability that a returned migrant is an entrepreneur differ between regions and are related to the individual's self-confidence and their ability to prepare for inclusion in the country's productive sector.En este estudio se identifica un conjunto de características asociadas al hecho de que un migrante colombiano retornado se convierta en un emprendedor. El análisis se realizó con los datos recogidos en la encuesta Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) cuyo formulario fue modificado en el año 2012 (solo por ese año) con un conjunto de preguntas sobre emprendimiento a personas que habían retornado al país después de vivir fuera cierto tiempo. Se realizó la comparación entre las probabilidades de emprendimiento en dos regiones del país, Bogotá la capital, área de mayor desarrollo económico y financiero (n=204) y los departamentos de la Costa Caribe Colombiana, área de menor desarrollo industrial y mayor fortaleza turística (n=203). Los resultados fueron obtenidos utilizando métodos propios del paradigma Bayesiano de la Estadística. Se consideraron nueve distribuciones previas informativas construidas a partir de los datos observados (Empirical Bayes Methods) y se utilizó el factor de Bayes como criterio para seleccionar el modelo con mejor ajuste a los datos. De acuerdo con los resultados, los factores que afectan la probabilidad de que un migrante retornado sea emprendedor difieren entre regiones y están relacionados con la autoconfianza del individuo y su capacidad de prepararse para su inclusión en el sector productivo del país

Caracterización epidemiológica de la hipertensión arterial

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial afecta a una de cada tres personas.  Constituye una enfermedad, un factor de riesgo y un problema que daña grandes poblaciones. Objetivo: caracterizar epidemiológicamente los pacientes afectos de hipertensión arterial en el Consultorio Médico número 1,  Área de Salud Hermanos Cruz, Pinar del Río, Cuba, desde septiembre de 2012 a diciembre de 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes que tuvieron diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial en el consultorio médico número 1 (n=253), fueron estudiados todos los pacientes enfermos. Los datos de la investigación se obtuvieron a través del Análisis de la Situación de Salud, Historia Clínica de Salud Familiar e Historia Clínica de Salud Individual. Resultados: la frecuencia de presentación de la hipertensión arterial en la población fue de un 11%. El intervalo comprendido entre los 60 y 76 años de edad se describió como el grupo más afectado (42.3%). El sexo femenino (60.5%) y color de piel blanco (63 %) se identificaron frecuentemente entre los enfermos. La edad por encima de los 60 años, el hábito de fumar, la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus resultaron los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular identificados en el grupo de estudio. Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial constituye un problema de salud, que requiere nuevas estrategias enfocadas a grupos poblacionales que garanticen la disminución de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes afectos

Eficacia de un programa de estimulación del discurso en alumnos de 4º básico

292 p.Este trabajo estudia la eficacia de un programa de intervención del discurso aplicado en el aula común de 4° básico de un colegio particular de la comuna de Maipú. La muestra estuvo compuesta por ocho alumnos cuyas edades estaban comprendidas entre los 9 años y los 10 años 1 mes, todos sin antecedentes de patologías auditivas ni lingüísticas, que evidenciaron un bajo rendimiento escolar. Los ocho sujetos se distribuyeron en dos grupos, 4 en el grupo control (4° básico A, sin intervención) y los otros 4 en el grupo experimental (4° básico B, con intervención). La intervención consistió en un total de 30 sesiones realizadas en una modalidad de colaboración 1, con una tasa de aplicación de 2 sesiones a la semana con una duración aproximada de 45 minutos cada una. Todos los alumnos de ambos grupos fueron sometidos a una evaluación inicial y a una evaluación post tratamiento. Además, se realizaron 3 evaluaciones inter tratamiento. Una vez realizado el análisis de los resultados se observó que todos los sujetos pertenecientes al grupo experimental lograron mejorar su desempeño discursivo, sin embargo este incremento no fue significativo. Se discuten las implicancias clínicas y los posibles factores que influirían en los resultados obtenidos. Palabras clave: desarrollo del discurso, educación básica, currículum escolar, intervención colaborativa

Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and pp53 Ser392 in canine hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas located in the skin

[EN] Background: p53 protein is essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. Aberrant accumulation of it usually occurs in cutaneous malignancies. Mutant p53 is detected by immunohistochemistry because it is more stable than the wild-type p53. However, post-translational modifications of p53 in response to ultraviolet radiation are important mechanisms of wild-type p53 stabilization, leading to positive staining in the absence of mutation. The aims were: 1) to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 in canine skin endothelial tumours; and 2) to determine if any relationship exists between p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 overexpression and cell proliferation. Results: p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 immunolabeling was examined in 40 canine cutaneous endothelial tumours (13 hemangiomas and 27 hemangiosarcomas). Their expression was associated with tumour size, hemangiosarcoma stage (dermal versus hypodermal), histological diagnosis and proliferative activity (mitotic count and Ki-67 index). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase of p53 immunoreactivity in hemangiosarcomas (median, 74.61%; interquartile range [IQR], 66.97-82.98%) versus hemangiomas (median, 0%; IQR, 0-20.91%) (p <.001) and in well-differentiated hemangiosarcomas (median, 82.40%; IQR, 66.49-83.17%) versus hemangiomas (p =.002). Phospho-p53 Serine392 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in hemangiosarcomas (median, 53.80%; IQR, 0-69.50%) than in hemangiomas (median, 0%; IQR, 0.0%) (p <.001). Positive correlation of the overexpression of p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 with mitotic count and Ki-67 index was found in the cutaneous vascular tumours (p <.001). The Ki-67 index of the hemangiomas (median, 0.50%; IQR, 0-2.80%) was significantly lower than that of the hemangiosarcomas (median, 34.85%; IQR, 23.88-42.33%) (p <.001), and that specifically of well-differentiated hemangiosarcomas (median, 24.60%; IQR, 15.45-39.35%) (p =.001). Immunolabeling of 18 visceral hemangiosarcomas showed that the p53 (median, 41.59%; IQR, 26.89-64.87%) and phospho-p53 Serine392 (median, 0%; IQR, 0-22.53%) indexes were significantly lower than those of skin (p =.001; p =.006, respectively). Conclusions: The p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392overexpression together with high proliferative activity in hemangiosarcomas versus hemangiomas indicated that p53 might play a role in the acquisition of malignant phenotypes in cutaneous endothelial neoplasms in dogs. The Ki-67 index may be useful in distinguishing canine well-differentiated hemangiosarcomas from hemangiomasS

Hallux Limitus Influence on Plantar Pressure Variations during the Gait Cycle: A Case-Control Study

´[Abstract] Background: Hallux limitus is a common foot disorder whose incidence has increased in the school-age population. Hallux limitus is characterized by musculoskeletal alteration that involves the metatarsophalangeal joint causing structural disorders in different anatomical areas of the locomotor system, affecting gait patterns. The aim of this study was to analyze dynamic plantar pressures in a school-aged population both with functional hallux and without. Methods: A full sample of 100 subjects (50 male and 50 female) 7 to 12 years old was included. The subjects were identified in two groups: the case group (50 subjects characterized as having hallux limitus, 22 male and 28 female) and control group (50 subjects characterized as not having hallux limitus, 28 male and 22 female). Measurements were obtained while subjects walked barefoot in a relaxed manner along a baropodometric platform. The hallux limitus test was realized in a seated position to sort subjects out into an established study group. The variables checked in the research were the surface area supported by each lower limb, the maximum peak pressure of each lower limb, the maximum mean pressure of each lower limb, the body weight on the hallux of each foot, the body weight on the first metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the second metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the third and fourth metatarsal head of each foot, the body weight at the head of the fifth metatarsal of each foot, the body weight at the midfoot of each foot, and the body weight at the heel of each foot. Results: Non-significant results were obtained in the variable of pressure peaks between both study groups; the highest pressures were found in the hallux with a p-value of 0.127 and in the first metatarsal head with a p-value 0.354 in subjects with hallux limitus. A non-significant result with a p-value of 0.156 was obtained at the second metatarsal head in healthy subjects. However, significant results were observed for third and fourth metatarsal head pressure in healthy subjects with a p-value of 0.031 and regarding rearfoot pressure in subjects with functional hallux limitus with a p-value of 0.023. Conclusions: School-age subjects with hallux limitus during gait exhibit more average peak plantar pressure in the heel and less peak average plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsal head as compared to healthy children aged between 7 and 12 years old

Analysis of static plantar pressures in school-age children with and without functional Hallux Limitus: a case-control study

Background: The presence of hallux limitus in adulthood is frequently encountered in clini cal practice, generating other biomechanical, structural, and functional compensations in dynamics secondary to blockage of the main pivot in the sagittal plane, the first metatarsophalangeal joint. In addition, the presence of functional hallux limitus (FHL) in school-age children is also increasing. Currently, there is a lack of scientific literature about this condition in the pediatric population, and early diagnosis is necessary to reduce future biomechanical disorders and avoid the development of foot arthritis. The purpose of this research was to identify static plantar pressures in school-age children with and without hallux limitus. Methods: A total sample of 106 children aged between six and twelve years old was divided into two groups: the case group (53 subjects with functional hallux limitus) and the control group (53 subjects without functional hallux limitus). Data were acquired with the participants in a standing barefoot position on the pressure platform, and the hallux limitus functional test was performed in a sitting position to classify the individuals into the determined study group. The variables analyzed in the research were: plantar pressure, bilateral forefoot and rearfoot surface area, bilateral forefoot and rearfoot ground reaction forces, bilateral forefoot and rearfoot distribution of body weight, total left and right surface area, maximum pressure of the left foot and right foot, medium pressure of the left foot and right foot, ground reaction forces of the left foot and right foot, and the weight of each foot. Results: Age was the only descriptive quantitative variable that showed a significant difference between the two study groups, with a p-value of 0.031. No statistically significant differences were found between groups in the bilateral forefoot and rearfoot surface area, ground reaction forces, distribution of body weight, or maximum and medium plantar pressure in the left and right foot. Conclusions: Changes in the location of the maximum pressure were observed, particularly in older participants with FHL, but these results were not significant. The findings of this study did not show significant differences between the static plantar pressures of school-age individuals with and without functional hallux limitus

Experiencias de procesos de educación inclusiva

In Colombia, inclusive education has been a turning point within education, however, this process has been a study factor because of the shortcomings it presents due to the parameters established for care or the challenges that involve the agents educational, to achieve true school equity. Due this, it is necessary to explore the experience and evolution of the inclusion process in a public educational institution in the city of Tunja based on a case study, through biographical-narrative research, as this allow to reveal the difficulties that are present in curricular adaptations and the establishment of reasonable adjustments. Too, it shows the existing difficulty in training the educational community to receive a person with a disability, wich, generate situations of harassment and have repercussions on mental health that involve key aspects in the well-being of the student.En Colombia la educación inclusiva ha sido un punto de inflexión dentro de la educación, sin embargo, este proceso ha sido un factor de estudio a causa de las falencias que presenta debido a los parámetros establecidos para la atención o los retos que involucran a los agentes educativos, para alcanzar una verdadera equidad escolar. Es por esto, que se hace necesario explorar la experiencia y evolución del proceso de inclusión en una institución educativa de carácter público de la ciudad de Tunja a partir de un estudio de caso, por medio de la investigación biográfico-narrativa, pues esto permite develar las dificultades que se hacen presentes en las adaptaciones curriculares y el establecimiento de ajustes razonables. Así mismo, evidencia la dificultad existente ante la preparación de la de comunidad educativa para recibir a una persona con discapacidad, lo cual, genera situaciones de acoso y tiene repercusiones en la salud mental que involucran aspectos claves en el bienestar del estudiante

Apoptosis in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus, and lupus profundus

: Introduction: Lupus erythematosus is a multisystemic disease that is characterized by autoantibody production and immune complex deposition in such tissues as the mucosa, joints, the central nervous system, and skin. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is categorized as acute, subacute, and chronic. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus comprises discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and lupus profundus (LP). Aim: To analyze the expression of proapoptotic molecules in patients with lupus erythematosus discoid and lupus profundus. Material and methods: Descriptive study, the study groups comprised 10 cases of LP and 10 cases of DLE, and a control. Skin samples of cases and controls were processed for immunohistochemistry and by TUNEL technique. The database and statistical analysis was performed (statistical test X2) SPSS (Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Apoptotic features were broadly distributed along the skin biopsies in epidermal keratinocytes as well as at dermis. By immunohistochemistry the expression of Fas receptor and Fas-L was higher in the skin of lupus patients compared with controls. We also noted differences in Fas-L, -Fas, and -Bax proteins expression intensity in discoid lupus erythematosus patients in the epidermis, and hair follicles. Conclusions: Fas and Fas-L are expressed similarly in LP and DLE

New data for the Middle Paleolithic at the Vinalopó Mid Basin: the spot Paraje Natural Municipal de Los Aljezares (Aspe, Alicante). Techno-typological analysis of surface lithic industry

Se estudian los materiales líticos en superficie procedentes del Paraje Natural de Los Aljezares. El objetivo es dar a conocer el yacimiento y valorar su interés en el contexto regional. Los datos obtenidos permiten establecer la presencia de materiales adscritos al Paleolítico medio y superior. Este enclave aporta nueva información al poblamiento de la cuenca media del Vinalopó y proporciona un marco de comparación con otros conjuntos ubicados en las inmediaciones de la misma.S’estudien els materials lítics en superfície procedents del Paraje Natural de Los Aljezares. L’objectiu és donar a conèixer el jaciment i valorar el seu interès en el context regional. Les dades obtingudes permeten establir la presència de materials adscrits al Paleolític mitjà i superior. Aquest enclavament aporta nova información al poblament de la conca mitjana del Vinalopó i proporciona un marc de comparació amb altres conjunts situats en els voltants d’aquesta.In this paper surface lithic materials from The Paraje Natural de Los Aljezares are studied. The aim is to raise awareness of the site and assess its interest in the regional context. The data obtained allow us to establish the presence of materials assigned to the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. This site provides new information to the settlement of the Vinalopó middle basin and provides a framework for comparison with other sites located in the vicinity.La investigación se ha financiado a través de los siguientes proyectos de investigación: “Estudio del registro climático reciente preservado en depósitos cuaternarios: el caso de Los Aljezares (Aspe, Alicante) y su relación con los depósitos del Medio y Bajo Vinalopó” (GRE17-02), “El pasado lejano: aproximación a la conducta y la ocupación del territorio en el paleolítico valenciano” (PROMETEO/2017/060) y “Síntesis del Paleolitico medio y superior en Valencia y Murcia: aspectos cronológicos, paleoambientales, económicos y culturales” (HAR2017-85153-P)

Evaluación de la calidad microbiológica y niveles de nitratos y nitritos en las aguas del río Guarapiche, estado Monagas, Venezuela | Evaluation of microbiological quality and levels of nitrates and nitrites in the Guarapiche River, Monagas state, Venezuela

El objetivo fue determinar la calidad microbiológica y los niveles de nitratos y nitritos en las aguas del Río Guarapiche entre Febrero y Julio del 2011. Se analizaron mensualmente a lo largo del río siete estaciones o puntos de muestreos, donde se recolectaron las muestras de aguas. La metodología que se utilizó para la determinación de los microorganismos fue el recuento total de colonias en placas y la técnica del número más probable. Para la determinación de nitrato y nitrito se utilizó un fotómetro multiparamétrico de sobremesa. El río presentó niveles de microorganismos (mesofilos, coliformes totales y fecales), que superan el umbral de la norma vigente del país, en los puntos cercanos a la planta de tratamiento del agua potable del Bajo Guarapiche, producto del crecimiento de los establecimientos poblacionales e incumplimientos de la Ley de Ordenamiento del territorio. Los niveles de nitritos y nitratos en la estación de Merecure estuvieron muy por encima del umbral crítico señalado en el Decreto 883. La mayor problemática ambiental con niveles por encima de los umbrales establecidos para los diferentes parámetros se presenta en la cuenca baja del Río Guarapiche (Maturín y La Pica). Palabras clave: mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, agua de consumo. ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the microbiological quality and levels of nitrates and nitrites in the waters of Guarapiche River between February and July, 2011, water was collected monthly along the river for analysis from seven stations or sampling points. The methodology used for the determination of microorganisms was a combination of total plate counts and the most probable number technique and the determination of nitrate and nitrite was carried out using a multiparameter photometer desktop. The river has levels of microorganisms (mesophiles, total and fecal coliforms) that exceed the current standard of the country, in the sampling points near to the treatment plant of drinking water of Bajo Guarapiche, as a consequence of the growth of local population and breaches of the Land Ordinance Act. The levels of nitrites and nitrates in Merecure station were higher than the critical threshold indicated by the local regulation (Decree 883). The major environmental problem with levels above thresholds for the different parameters was detected in the lower basin of the Guarapiche River (Maturin and La Pica). Key words: mesophiles, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, drinking water