Cliff-height and slope-angle relationships in a chronosequence of Quaternary marine terraces, San Clemente Island, California

Zusammenfassung. Eine Abfolge quartarer Strandterrassen auf ~an Clemente Island, Kalifornien, liefert einen Rahmen fur die quantitative Analyse der Anderungen an vom Meer verlassenen Kustenkliffen als Funktion der Zeit. Es wurde eine Abschatzung der Anwendbarkeit von BUCKNAM & ANDERSON (1979) log-lin~arer Beziehung zwischen Wandhohe und Hangwinkel durchgefuhrt, indem Brandungskliffhohe und maximale Hangwinkel verwendet wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine regelhafte Zunahme des Hangwinkels mit dem Logarithmus der Kliffhohe, und Kliffe einer bestimmten Hohe zeigen m,it der Zeit eine Abnahmedes maximalen Hangwinkels. 1m ganzen waren die Relationen schwacher als fur FluBterrassen und Bruchstufen in unverfestigten Materialen, aber die Methode kann wahrscheinlich verwendet werden, urn fruhe, mittlere und junge quartare Bruchstufen und Kustenkliffe in verfestigtem Material erfolgreich zu unterscheiden. Summary. A flight of Quaternary marine terraces on San Clemente Island, California, provides a framework for quantitative analysis of abandoned sea cliff modification as a function of time. An assessment was made of the applicability of BUCKNAM & ANDERSON\u27S (1979) log-linear relationship between scarp height and slope angle using sea cliff height and maximum slope angle. Results indicate a regular increase in slope angle with the logarithm of the cliff height and cliffs of a given height show a decline in maximum slope angle with time. Overall, the relationships are weaker than for stream terraces and fault scarps in unconsolidated materials, but the method can probably be used successfully to distinguish early, middle and late Quaternary fault scarps or sea cliffs in consolidated materials. Resume. Une serie de terrasses marines quaternaires sur l\u27ile de San Clemente (Californie) fournit un cadre pour l\u27analyse quantitative de l\u27evolution de falaises marines mortes. Une hypothese a ete avancee concernant l\u27application de la relation log-normale de BUCKNAM & ANDERSON (1979) entre la hauteur de l\u27escarpement et l\u27angle de la pente appliquee ici a la hauteur de la falaise marine et l\u27angle maximum de la pente. Les resultats indiquent un accroissement regulier de la pente avec Ie logarithme de la hauteur de la falaise et les falaises d\u27une hauteur determinee montrent un abaissement de l\u27angle de pente maximum en fonction du temps. Partout, les relations sont moins bonnes que pour les terrasses de rivieres et des escarpements de failles dans des materiaux meubles. Toutefois, la methode peut probablerment etre utilisee avec succes pour donner un age quaternaire recent moyen ou ancien aux escarpements de failles ou aux falaises marines dans des materiaux c;onsolides. Text in English: The rate of alteration of slopes, particularly those derived from fault scarps, has received increasing attention in recent years because of the need for accurate assessment\u27 of potential fault hazards (WALLACE 1977; BUCKNAM & ANDERSON, 1979; NASH 1980a, 1980b, 1984; MACHETTE 1982; COLMAN 1983; COLMAN & WATSON 1983; HANKS et al. 1984; MAYER 1984; STERR 1985). Often there is a need for age determination of a fault scarp, but little or no material available for radiometric dates. Hence, many investigators have utilized morphometric parameters in order to establish relative and in some cases absolute ages. BUCKNAM & ANDERSON (1979) were perhaps the first to quantify changes in fault scarp slope angles through time. They examined the relationship between scarp height and slope angle in Quaternary deposits in the Great Basin of western Utah and quantified earlier observations of WALLACE (1977). Their results indicated that for small scarps less than 10 m high, slope angle increases with the logarithm of scarp height and decreases through time for a scarp of a given height. This relationship has been confirmed for fault scarps in other locations in the southwestern U. S. A. (MACHETTE 1982; MAYER 1984; HANKS et al. 1984) and has been, extended to other landforms such as stream terrace scarps (COLMAN 1983) and lake cliffs (NASH 1980b). Several studies have gone beyond the relative dating method proposed by BUCKNAM & ANDERSON (1979) and models for determination of absolute age have been generated (NASH 1980b, 1984; COLMAN & WATSON 1983; HANKS et al. 1984; HANKS & WALLACE 1985; STERR 1985). MAYER (1984) recently discussed the complicating effects of measurement error, lithology, particle size, and composite scarps

A completely automated high inoculation density fed batch process that accommodates clonal diversity and routinely doubles space time yield as compared to low inoculation density processes

Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: Direct constraints on blue galaxy intrinsic alignments at intermediate redshifts

Correlations between the intrinsic shapes of galaxy pairs, and between the intrinsic shapes of galaxies and the large-scale density field, may be induced by tidal fields. These correlations, which have been detected at low redshifts (z<0.35) for bright red galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and for which upper limits exist for blue galaxies at z~0.1, provide a window into galaxy formation and evolution, and are also an important contaminant for current and future weak lensing surveys. Measurements of these alignments at intermediate redshifts (z~0.6) that are more relevant for cosmic shear observations are very important for understanding the origin and redshift evolution of these alignments, and for minimising their impact on weak lensing measurements. We present the first such intermediate-redshift measurement for blue galaxies, using galaxy shape measurements from SDSS and spectroscopic redshifts from the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. Our null detection allows us to place upper limits on the contamination of weak lensing measurements by blue galaxy intrinsic alignments that, for the first time, do not require significant model-dependent extrapolation from the z~0.1 SDSS observations. Also, combining the SDSS and WiggleZ constraints gives us a long redshift baseline with which to constrain intrinsic alignment models and contamination of the cosmic shear power spectrum. Assuming that the alignments can be explained by linear alignment with the smoothed local density field, we find that a measurement of \sigma_8 in a blue-galaxy dominated, CFHTLS-like survey would be contaminated by at most +/-0.02 (95% confidence level, SDSS and WiggleZ) or +/-0.03 (WiggleZ alone) due to intrinsic alignments. [Abridged]Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted to MNRAS; v2 has correction to one author's name, NO other changes; v3 has minor changes in explanation and calculations, no significant difference in results or conclusions; v4 has an additional footnote about model interpretation, no changes to data/calculations/result

Longitudinal Pathways between Maternal Mental Health in Infancy and Offspring Romantic Relationships in Adulthood: A 30‐year Prospective Study

Longitudinal pathways between maternal mental health in infancy and offspring romantic relationship outcomes in adulthood were examined using a 30‐year prospective longitudinal study of 196 mothers and their children. Structural equation modeling revealed that maternal mental health at 30 months was related to offspring relationship status and relationship attachment insecurity at 30 years. The adolescent variables of offspring mental health and parental relationship status mediated the link between maternal mental health and offspring relationship status. In addition, adolescent mental health and family conflict mediated the pathway between maternal mental health and offspring attachment insecurity. These results highlight the importance of individual and parental mental health to romantic relationship outcomes, and emphasize the value of taking a developmental approach to the study of romantic relationships.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90142/1/j.1467-9507.2011.00610.x.pd

The gut microbiota and cardiovascular health benefits: a focus on wholegrain oats

Existing scientific data suggest that a high intake of wholegrain foods contributes to improved gut health and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Wholegrain oats are rich in dietary fibre and an important source of many bioactive components, including minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds. The oat β‐glucans have been reported to lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol through their ability to increase the viscosity of intestinal chime, change the gut microbiota composition and increase the production of short‐chain fatty acids, which may contribute to the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Oats are also a rich source of phenolic acids, which are predominantly bound to cell wall polysaccharides through ester bonds. This bound state within oats means that phenolic acid bioavailability will largely be determined by interactions with the colonic microbiota in the large intestine. However, results from in vitro, animal and human studies have been inconsistent in relation to the impact of oats on the gut microbiota, possibly due to differences in experimental techniques and because compounds in oats, other than β‐glucans, have not been considered. This review focuses on the interaction of oat β‐glucans and phenolic acids with gut microbiota, and the subsequent link to cardiovascular health

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Scanning force microscopy as a tool for bioelectronics

Before biomolecules can become common components in hybrid bio-electronic/semiconductor integrated circuits, a better understanding is required of their properties in the significantly non-biological environmental conditions under which silicon-based circuits operate. We use the scanning force microscope (SFM) to study the properties of the biomolecule bacteriorhodopsin (BR). We have demonstrated the ability to pattern BR at the micron length scale through the use of a new soft-lithography based technique which is applicable to a wide range of electrophoretic molecules, both biological and not. We have shown that we can measure the photoresponse of oriented purple membrane (PM) multilayers with an SFM and we have done so under conditions similar to those of a semiconductor chip. We find that the hydration level of the multilayer has a drastic effect on the induced photovoltage. We have developed an analytical model of the photoresponse which gives a complete qualitative explanation of the results. We have looked at the more general question of what physical information about a sample we can extract from an SFM. Specifically, we have looked at non-linear effects in the oscillation of the SFM cantilever and we have demonstrated the ability to measure a range of higher mode oscillations and to produce images showing higher mode contrast between PM and mica as well as the variation of different higher mode signals with tip-sample distance

Scope : screen industry views

Ten years ago, when the Australia Israel Cultural Exchange (AICE) Israeli Film Festival began, its goal was to depoliticise Australian perceptions of Israel - to explore the every-day living that goes on beyond media head-lines. As the event has expanded, however, it has become more reflective of all aspects of the Israeli film scene. Last year's program included nine works that directly confront the Arab-Israeli conflict, an increased representation of younger voices and even a selection of genre films.6 page(s

Genesis of Marine Terrace Soils, Barbados, West Indies: Evidence from Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Well-developed, clay-rich soils dominated by interstratified kaolinite-smectite are found on the uplifted coral reef terraces on the island of Barbados. The reef limestone is unlikely to have been the soil parent material however, because it is 98 per cent CaCO, and geomorphic evidence argues against the 20 m of reef solution required to produce the soils by this process. The mineralogy of the sand, silt, and clay fractions of the soils, and trace element geochemistry, suggest that aeolian materials carried on the trade winds from Africa, volcanic ash from the island of St. Vincent, and quartz from Tertiary bedrock on the island itself are the parent materials for the soils

Geochemical Evidence of Saharan Dust Parent Material for Soils Developed on Quaternary Limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic Islands

Most previous workers have regarded the insoluble residues of high-purity Quatemary limestones (coral reefs and oolites) as the most important parent material for well-developed, clay-rich soils on Caribbean and western Atlantic islands, but this genetic mechanism requires unreasonable amounts of limestone solution in Quatemary time. Other possible parent materials from external sources are volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island arc and Saharan dust carried across the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast trade winds. Soils on Quatemary coral terraces and carbonate eolianites on Barbados, Jamaica, the Florida Keys (United States), and New Providence Island (Bahamas) were studied to determine which, if either, external source was important. Caribbean volcanic ashes and Saharan dust can be clearly distinguished using ratios of relatively immobile elements (Al,O,/‘I’iO,, Ti, Ti/Zr, and TifI’h). Comparison of these ratios in 25 soils, where estimated ages range from 125,000 to about 870,000 yr, shows that Saharan dust is the most important parent material for soils on all islands. These results indicate that the northeast trade winds have been an important component of the regional climatology for much of the Quaterary. Saharan dust may also be an important parent material for Caribbean island bauxites of much greater age