THE USES OF MUSIC AND THEIR EXTENSIONS IN THE NOVELS OF E.M. FORSTER

E. M. FORSTER was a novelist with a passionate interest in music. Throughout his life playing the piano, visiting the opera, and attending concerts of orchestral and chamber music constituted his principal forms of pleasure and relaxation; wherever he travelled - in Europe, in Egypt, or in India - the music of the country he visited attracted his keenest attention. But, more than this, music was for him "the deepest of the arts and deep beneath the arts", and it provided a vital stimulus and source of inspiration in the writing of his novels. Although other English novelists before him had shared his interest and had used music in various ways in their novels, Forster develops these uses -in delineation of character, the creation of atmosphere, the underlining of structure, for example - far beyond the limits of his predecessors, and extends them into the realms of the fundamental imagery, the overall structure, indeed the whole resonance of a novel in a way unparalleled even among his contemporaries. While all Forster’s novels have in common a certain number of musical techniques, they reveal not so much a steady chronological development of such techniques as a close relat­ing of specific musical material to the particular task in hand. But when, ultimately, such material becomes inadequate for the task, Forster expands it to encompass the whole sphere of sound and silence. This study surveys the extent of Forster's musical knowledge and ability, indicating the principal influences on him in that area, examines in detail the special musical techniques employed in each novel, illustrates the enormous widening of scope between the first and last, and estimates the importance of his contribution to the development in the uses to which English novelists have put music in their work

Promoting Junior School Students’ Anti-bullying Beliefs with the CATZ Cross-age Teaching Zone Intervention

In tackling the widespread problem of bullying victimisation, researchers have acknowledged the value of focusing on changing bullying-related beliefs and using peer-based interventions. In three studies (N = 419, 237 intervention and 182 controls), we tested the effectiveness of the CATZ cross-age teaching programme by inviting small groups of 11-year-olds to incorporate information supporting positive beliefs (concerning non-physical forms of bullying, the value of disclosing being bullied to adults, and helping victims) into a lesson they devised for themselves and to deliver that to small groups of 9-year-olds. Specifically, we examined if the intervention would promote that (i) non-physical forms of bullying are unacceptable (study 1), (ii) disclosing bullying to adults and getting the right kind of help have value and importance (study 2), and (iii) victims can be assisted in safe ways (study 3). Self-reports of nine specific aspects of these beliefs were collected from CATZ tutors and age-matched controls prior to and following the intervention, and at five-week follow-up in one study, using both open and closed questions. Results indicated significant positive effects of CATZ on all nine outcome variables, with mostly medium and high effect sizes. These findings support the use of CATZ to foster positive anti-bullying beliefs, and issues related to its wider uptake are discussed.N/

"The extreme penalty of the law": mercy and the death penalty as aspects of state power in colonial Nyasaland, c. 1903-47

Open access article.Capital punishment was the pinnacle of the colonial judicial system and its use of state violence, but has previously been neglected as a topic of historical research in Africa. This article is based on the case files and legal records of over 800 capital trials – predominantly for murder – dating between 1900 and 1947. It outlines the functioning of the legal system in Nyasaland and the tensions between “violence” and “humanitarianism” in the use and reform of the death penalty. Capital punishment was a political penalty as much as a judicial punishment, with both didactic and deterrent functions: it operated through mercy and the sparing of condemned lives as well as through executions. Mercy in Nyasaland was consistent with colonial political objectives and cultural values: it was decided not only on the facts of cases, but according to British conceptions of “justice”, “order”, “criminality”, and “African” behaviour. This article analyses the use of mercy in Nyasaland to provide a lens on the nature of colonial governance, and the tensions between African and colonial understandings of violence.Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK) and the Beit Fund, University of Oxfor

MOG USER-INTERFACE BUILDER - A MECHANISM FOR INTEGRATING APPLICATION AND USER-INTERFACE

Tools which provide graphical editing techniques for the design of user interface presentations are increasingly commonplace. Such tools vary widely in the mechanisms used to define user interfaces and while some are general purpose, others are targeted at particular application domains. Designers faced with varying requirements must choose one tool and live with its shortcomings, purchase a number of different tools, or implement their own. The paper describes an approach to facilitating the latter by providing a library Of augmented user interface components called MOG objects which embody both end-user and editing semantics. User interface design tools based on this approach need only provide mechanisms for composing MOG objects into user interfaces and the addition of any other, higher-level functionality. MOG-based user interfaces retain an in-built editing capability and are inherently tailorable.</p

Database Object Display Definition And Management With Moggetto

This paper describes a user interface framework called Moggetto for an object-oriented database system (OODB). Moggetto is proposed as an approach to the definition and management of tailorable object displays. The novelty of the approach lies in the use of embedded, inherently reconfigurable user interface components to realise object user interfaces which are modelled in the database. This obviates the need for close coupling between the OODB and the host windowing system through, for example, common language bindings and code libraries. Keywords User interface framework, database user interface management system, user interface components, MOG objects 1 INTRODUCTION The object model is frequently espoused for database applications where richer semantic modelling capabilities than those offered by the traditional database models are required. Most of the older database models, exemplified by the relational model, are designed for applications where the data can be modelled using rela..