Open Licensing et patrimoine.: Enjeux, contraintes légales et opportunités de l’accès numérique dans le contexte des archives et collections spéciales en bibliothèque

Openness ‘ouverture’ est l’un des mots clé de l’époque numérique. Issu du milieu informatique, où l’utilisation massive peut être associée à des monopoles distorsifs du marché, ce concept façonne l’action des institutions culturelles en train de mettre en place des politiques adaptées au partage et à l’accès au patrimoine tout en prenant en compte les possibilités offertes par les moyens techniques, leur durabilité et le respect des droits. En effet, si la démocratisation et la transparence sont mises en avant, ne sont pourtant pas caduques les obligations de tutelle des droits des personnes (droit d’auteur, protection des données personnelles – y inclus le droit à l’image) ; bien au contraire : le contexte numérique a poussé à une adaptation encore en cours du cadre légal. Dans la pratique, on peut facilement constater que souvent les documents nés-numériques, qui seraient déjà adaptés à une diffusion massive, sont consultables seulement sur place et avec des ordinateurs ne permettant aucune forme de téléchargement. Les institutions patrimoniales sont appelées à se positionner et à élaborer une politique qui concilie la mise à disposition, la tutelle des droits et une gestion avisée. Dans ce travail nous faisons état des questions légales et des pratiques de mise à disposition numérique sous le profil des droits d’utilisation et de réutilisation. Notre perspective d’enquête porte sur un champ limité aux collections spéciales (y compris les archives) en bibliothèque et dans ce domaine aux documents textuels et iconographiques publiés ainsi qu’aux inédits. Nous examinons les problématiques posées par le droit d’auteur (et par son évolution récente dans la culture juridique et en général dans la société) et par la protection des droits de la personnalité à la croisée des pratiques bibliothécaires et archivistiques ainsi que les propositions de réforme à l’étude. Une attention particulière comporte l’accessibilité aux reproductions des documents (spécialement des documents uniques) tombés dans le domaine public. Les retours d’expérience et les réflexions actuelles – surtout au niveau européen – dans les institutions patrimoniales montrent les enjeux et les opportunités du changement en cours. En l’absence de contraintes légales externes aux institutions, les choix sont encore plus déterminés par des politiques de numérisation en voie de définition ou de redéfinition. Nous examinons enfin brièvement les projets et la perspective de quelques institutions suisses : l’Universitätsbibliothek Basel, la Zentralbibliothek Zürich (en particulier le projet DigiTUR), les Archives cantonales vaudoises et la Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire – Lausanne

Mouse thyroid gland changes in aging: Implication of galectin-3 and sphingomyelinase

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its impact on cognition in older people has been demonstrated, but many points remain unclarified. In order to study the effect of aging on the thyroid gland, we compared the thyroid gland of very old mice with that of younger ones. We have first investigated the changes of thyroid microstructure and the possibility that molecules involved in thyroid function might be associated with structural changes. Results from this study indicate changes in the height of the thyrocytes and in the amplitude of interfollicular spaces, anomalous expression/localization of thyrotropin, thyrotropin receptor, and thyroglobulin aging. Thyrotropin and thyrotropin receptor are upregulated and are distributed inside the colloid while thyroglobulin fills the interfollicular spaces. In an approach aimed at defining the behavior of molecules that change in different physiopathological conditions of thyroid, such as galectin-3 and sphingomyelinase, we then wondered what was their behavior in the thyroid gland in aging. Importantly, in comparison with the thyroid of young animals, we have found a higher expression of galectin-3 and a delocalization of neutral sphingomyelinase in the thyroid of old animals. A possible relationship between galectin-3, neutral sphingomyelinase, and aging has been discussed

Security Messages: Or, How I Learned to Stop Disregarding and Heed the Warning

Attacks on information security continue to be reported in the media, and result in large losses for organizations. While some attacks are the result of sophisticated threats, others can be traced to failures by organizational insiders to observe basic security policies such as using caution when opening unsolicited email attachments. Faced with the challenges and time demands of everyday stressors, security policy compliance can be costly for individuals; security actions require time and distract attention from other primary tasks. This costliness can lead individuals to ignore prompts to perform security updates, scan their computers for threats, or reboot their computers to apply security updates. This dissertation contains three studies that address the following overarching research question: How can end-user adherence to security messages be better understood and improved, and how can theory inform security-message design? First, two complementary studies are presented that examine the integration of media naturalness theory into a security message context using field study and fMRI designs. Study 1, the field study, unobtrusively captures objective measures of attention from Amazon Mechanical Turk users (N=510) as they perform a between-subjects deception protocol. Study 2, the fMRI study, examines neural activations from a within-subjects participant design (N=23) in response to different security message designs with integrated emotive human facial expressions. Data from studies 1 and 2 show that warnings with integrated facial expressions of threat (fear, disgust) generally elicited greater adherence rates and higher evidence of cognition and elaboration than did warnings with integrated neutral facial expressions or than did warnings with no integrated facial expressions, supporting our hypotheses. Study 3 explores the pattern of risk taking and analysis that users engage in when interacting with interruptive security messages. The corroboration of multiple behavioral dependent variables suggests that users predominantly use a bimodal risk tradeoff paradigm when interacting with interruptive security messages. All three studies address the overarching research question of understanding and improving end user adherence to security messages

Efficacy of a new technique - INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate - "IN-REC-SUR-E" - in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Although beneficial in clinical practice, the INtubate-SURfactant-Extubate (IN-SUR-E) method is not successful in all preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome, with a reported failure rate ranging from 19 to 69 %. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for the unsuccessful IN-SUR-E method, requiring subsequent re-intubation and mechanical ventilation, is the inability of the preterm lung to achieve and maintain an "optimal" functional residual capacity. The importance of lung recruitment before surfactant administration has been demonstrated in animal studies showing that recruitment leads to a more homogeneous surfactant distribution within the lungs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the application of a recruitment maneuver using the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) modality just before the surfactant administration followed by rapid extubation (INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate: IN-REC-SUR-E) with IN-SUR-E alone in spontaneously breathing preterm infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) as initial respiratory support and reaching pre-defined CPAP failure criteria. Methods/design: In this study, 206 spontaneously breathing infants born at 24+0-27+6 weeks' gestation and failing nCPAP during the first 24 h of life, will be randomized to receive an HFOV recruitment maneuver (IN-REC-SUR-E) or no recruitment maneuver (IN-SUR-E) just prior to surfactant administration followed by prompt extubation. The primary outcome is the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 3 days of life. Infants in both groups will be considered to have reached the primary outcome when they are not extubated within 30 min after surfactant administration or when they meet the nCPAP failure criteria after extubation. Discussion: From all available data no definitive evidence exists about a positive effect of recruitment before surfactant instillation, but a rationale exists for testing the following hypothesis: a lung recruitment maneuver performed with a step-by-step Continuous Distending Pressure increase during High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (and not with a sustained inflation) could have a positive effects in terms of improved surfactant distribution and consequent its major efficacy in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. This represents our challenge. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02482766. Registered on 1 June 2015

Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Descriptor 2, Non-Indigenous Species, Delivering solid recommendations for setting threshold values for non-indigenous species pressure on European seas

Marine Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) are animals and plants introduced accidently or deliberately into the European seas, originating from other seas of the globe. About 800 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) currently occur in the European Union national marine waters, several of which have negative impacts on marine ecosystem services and biodiversity. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Descriptor 2 (D2), EU Member States (MSs) need to consider NIS in their marine management strategies. The Descriptor D2 includes one primary criterion (D2C1: new NIS introductions), and two secondary criteria (D2C2 and D2C3). The D2 implementation is characterized by a number of issues and uncertainties which can be applicable to the Descriptor level (e.g. geographical unit of assessment, assessment period, phytoplanktonic, parasitic, oligohaline NIS, etc.), to the primary criterion D2C1 level (e.g. threshold values, cryptogenic, questionable species, etc), and to the secondary criteria D2C2 and D2C3. The current report tackles these issues and provides practical recommendations aiming at a smoother and more efficient implementation of D2 and its criteria at EU level. They constitute a solid operational output which can result in more comparable D2 assessments among MSs and MSFD regions/subregions. When it comes to the policy-side, the current report calls for a number of different categories of NIS to be reported in D2 assessments, pointing the need for the species to be labelled/categorised appropriately in the MSFD reporting by the MSs. These suggestions are proposed to be communicated to the MSFD Working Group of Good Environmental Status (GES) and subsequently to the Marine Strategy Coordination Group (MSCG) of MSFD. Moreover, they can serve as an input for revising the Art. 8 Guidelines

How do cardiologists select patients for dual antiplatelet therapy continuation beyond 1 year after a myocardial infarction? Insights from the EYESHOT Post-MI Study

Background: Current guidelines suggest to consider dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) continuation for longer than 12 months in selected patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Hypothesis: We sought to assess the criteria used by cardiologists in daily practice to select patients with a history of MI eligible for DAPT continuation beyond 1 year. Methods: We analyzed data from the EYESHOT Post-MI, a prospective, observational, nationwide study aimed to evaluate the management of patients presenting to cardiologists 1 to 3 years from the last MI event. Results: Out of the 1633 post-MI patients enrolled in the study between March and December 2017, 557 (34.1%) were on DAPT at the time of enrolment, and 450 (27.6%) were prescribed DAPT after cardiologist assessment. At multivariate analyses, a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with multiple stents and the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) resulted as independent predictors of DAPT continuation, while atrial fibrillation was the only independent predictor of DAPT interruption for patients both at the second and the third year from MI at enrolment and the time of discharge/end of the visit. Conclusions: Risk scores recommended by current guidelines for guiding decisions on DAPT duration are underused and misused in clinical practice. A PCI with multiple stents and a history of PAD resulted as the clinical variables more frequently associated with DAPT continuation beyond 1 year from the index MI

Economic consequences of investing in anti-HCV antiviral treatment from the Italian NHS perspective : a real-world-based analysis of PITER data

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the cost consequence of Italian National Health System (NHS) investment in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy according to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment access policies in Italy. METHODS: A multistate, 20-year time horizon Markov model of HCV liver disease progression was developed. Fibrosis stage, age and genotype distributions were derived from the Italian Platform for the Study of Viral Hepatitis Therapies (PITER) cohort. The treatment efficacy, disease progression probabilities and direct costs in each health state were obtained from the literature. The break-even point in time (BPT) was defined as the period of time required for the cumulative costs saved to recover the Italian NHS investment in DAA treatment. Three different PITER enrolment periods, which covered the full DAA access evolution in Italy, were considered. RESULTS: The disease stages of 2657 patients who consecutively underwent DAA therapy from January 2015 to December 2017 at 30 PITER clinical centres were standardized for 1000 patients. The investment in DAAs was considered to equal €25 million, €15 million, and €9 million in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. For patients treated in 2015, the BPT was not achieved, because of the disease severity of the treated patients and high DAA prices. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated BPTs were 6.6 and 6.2 years, respectively. The total cost savings after 20 years were €50.13 and €55.50 million for 1000 patients treated in 2016 and 2017, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study may be a useful tool for public decision makers to understand how HCV clinical and epidemiological profiles influence the economic burden of HCV

De prospectiva pingendi. Piero della Francesca

Il volume presenta l’edizione critica della versione volgare del trattato sulla prospettiva di Piero della Francesca. Basata sulla collazione  tra tutti i manoscritti noti dell’opera, l’edizione offre elementi sulla genesi testuale del trattato  (soprattutto grazie allo studio del codice Regg. A 41/2 della Biblioteca Panizzi di Reggio Emilia), mostrando come l’autografo della Biblioteca Palatina di Parma (ms. Parm. 1576) rechi una redazione posteriore  a quella degli altri codici. La riproduzione fotografica dei disegni pierfrancescani nel ms. Palatino e un glossario storico-linguistico accompagnano il testo critico

La trascuratezza nell’infanzia: un’esperienza nel polo specialistico “Giorgio Fregosi”- Spazio Sicuro della Provincia di Roma, per il maltrattamento e l’abuso all’infanzia

Il neglect, o trascuratezza, costituisce una delle più comuni forme di maltrattamento, sebbene poco studiata, in cui i genitori non provvedono ai bisogni fisici, psichici, emozionali ed educativi del figlio. Il neglect comporta distorsioni evolutive che possono coinvolgere lo sviluppo fisico, cerebrale, cognitivo, emotivo e relazionale del bambino. Obiettivo: Intervenire efficacemente in situazioni di abuso e grave trascuratezza implica il ricorso ad un’ottica Transazionale (Sameroff e Chandler, 1975) e alla Psicopatologia dello sviluppo (Cicchetti, 1993) per evidenziare l’azione di complessi processi che diano conto delle differenze individuali. Attraverso una rassegna sulla recente letteratura, il presente lavoro ha l’obiettivo di delineare le caratteristiche del neglect infantile, descrivendo l’esperienza in un Centro specializzato per l’abuso. Metodologia: Presentazione del Centro Spazio Sicuro per il maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia e dell’assessment adottato che evidenzia la presenza di fattori di rischio e protettivi. Viene, inoltre, presentato il caso esemplificativo di una famiglia giunta a valutazione per trascuratezza e incuria sui minori. Discussione critica e conclusioni: Il neglect costituisce una condizione di rischio che può determinare atipie evolutive. Tuttavia, la presenza di un caregiving sensibile, anche se successivo alle condizioni di trascuratezza, costituisce un importante fattore protettivo per favorire le traiettorie evolutive dei minori