Enseignement moral et enseignement de l’éthique dans les programmes d’étude québécois du primaire et du secondaire : rupture ou continuité?

Au Québec en 2008, un programme unique d’éthique et culture religieuse a remplacé les programmes d’enseignement moral non confessionnel et ceux d’enseignement moral et religieux catholique et protestant, au primaire et au secondaire. L’analyse du contenu de ces programmes de 1977 à nos jours a dégagé des éléments de rupture et de continuité.La rupture fondamentale concerne le remplacement de la religion par la culture religieuse, mais huit éléments de continuité entre l’enseignement moral et éthique sont relevés : développement de l’individu, relations interpersonnelles, aptitudes et habiletés, importance de l’évaluation formative, valeurs et normes, développement du jugement, activité de l’élève et certains rôles des enseignants

TREM-2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) is a phagocytic receptor for bacteria

Phagocytosis, which is essential for the immune response to pathogens, is initiated by specific interactions between pathogens and cell surface receptors expressed by phagocytes. This study identifies triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) and its signaling counterpart DAP12 as a molecular complex that promotes phagocytosis of bacteria. Expression of TREM-2–DAP12 enables nonphagocytic Chinese hamster ovary cells to internalize bacteria. This function depends on actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the activity of the small guanosine triphosphatases Rac and Cdc42. Internalization also requires src kinase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. In bone marrow–derived macrophages, phagocytosis is decreased in the absence of DAP12 and can be restored by expression of TREM-2–DAP12. Depletion of TREM-2 inhibits both binding and uptake of bacteria. Finally, TREM-2–dependent phagocytosis is impaired in Syk-deficient macrophages. This study highlights a novel role for TREM-2–DAP12 in the immune response to bacterial pathogens

Cross-cutting principles for planetary health education

Since the 2015 launch of the Rockefeller Foundation Lancet Commission on planetary health,1 an enormous groundswell of interest in planetary health education has emerged across many disciplines, institutions, and geographical regions. Advancing these global efforts in planetary health education will equip the next generation of scholars to address crucial questions in this emerging field and support the development of a community of practice. To provide a foundation for the growing interest and efforts in this field, the Planetary Health Alliance has facilitated the first attempt to create a set of principles for planetary health education that intersect education at all levels, across all scales, and in all regions of the world—ie, a set of cross-cutting principles

Re-assessing abundance of Southern Hudson Bay polar bears by aerial survey: effects of climate change at the southern edge of the range

The Southern Hudson Bay polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) subpopulation is considered stable but conflicting evidence lends uncertainty to that designation. Capture-recapture studies conducted 1984-86 and 2003-05 and an aerial survey conducted 2011/12 suggested abundance was likely unchanged since the mid-1980s. However, body condition and body size declined since then, and duration of sea ice decreased by about 30 days. Due to conflicting information on subpopulation status and ongoing changes in sea ice, we conducted another aerial survey in 2016 to determine whether abundance had changed. We collected data via mark-recapture distance sampling and double-observer protocols. Results suggest abundance declined 17% from 943 bears (95% CI 658-1350) in 2011/12 to 780 (95% CI 590â 1029) in 2016. The proportion of yearlings declined from 12% of the population in 2011 to 5% in 2016, whereas the proportion of cubs remained similar (16% in 2011 vs. 19% in 2016) suggesting low survival of the 2015 cohort. In a warming Arctic, duration of sea ice is predicted to continue to decline in Hudson Bay affecting all ice-dependent wildlife; therefore, further monitoring of this subpopulation is warranted. We recommend a conservative approach to harvest management and repeating the aerial survey in 2021.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Besnoitia tarandi in Canadian woodland caribou – Isolation, characterization and suitability for serological tests

In the present study, we report the first in vitro isolation of Besnoitia tarandi from North America and the second of B. tarandi at all. The parasite was isolated directly from the skin of a Canadian woodland caribou from the migratory ecotype. The animal belonged to the Leaf River Herd, in Northern Quebec, Canada. The isolate was designated Bt-CA-Quebec1.Sequencing of the 3’-end of the 18S rRNA gene, the complete sequence of the ITS1 and the 5’-end of the 5.8S rRNA gene of Bt-CA-Quebec1 revealed only minor differences to rDNA gene fragments of B. besnoiti. In contrast, the patterns for the microsatellite loci Bt-20 and Bt-21 varied substantially from those reported for B. besnoiti and B. bennetti. Surprisingly, the typing results in the loci Bt-6 and Bt-7 differed between Bt-CA-Quebec1 and results obtained for skin samples from caribou of the Canadian regions of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories reported by other investigators. This indicates that differences might exist among B. tarandi in caribou from different regions in Canada.Mice (γ-interferon knockout) intraperitoneally inoculated with 1.2 × 106 or 1.5 × 106 bradyzoites mechanically released from skin tissue cysts fell ill 8, 9 or 18 days post inoculation. GKO mice inoculated with 3.0 × 104 tachyzoites isolated from the peritoneal cavity of a bradyzoites-inoculated mouse became ill earlier, i.e. 5 days post inoculation. Lung was the predilection site in all mice.Bt-CA-Quebec1 tachyzoites rapidly grew in MARC-145 cells and were used for antigen production. Comparative Western blot analyses revealed only a few differences between B. tarandi Bt-CA-Quebec1 and B. besnoiti Evora antigen when probed with sera collected from chronically infected caribou.Due to its fast growth in vitro, the Bt-CA-Quebec1 isolate may represent an interesting antigen source to establish B. tarandi-specific serological tools and to study the biology of this parasite species further. Keywords: Besnoitia tarandi, In vitro isolation, Multilocus microsatellite typing, Serological assa

Measuring substance-related disorders using Canadian administrative health databanks : interprovincial comparisons of recorded diagnostic rates, incidence proportions and mortality rate ratios

Context Assessing temporal changes in the recorded diagnostic rates, incidence proportions, and health outcomes of substance-related disorders (SRD) can inform public health policymakers in reducing harms associated with alcohol and other drugs. Objective To report the annual and cumulative recorded diagnostic rates and incidence proportions of SRD, as well as mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by cause of death among this group in Canada, according to their province of residence. Methods Analyses were performed on linked administrative health databases (AHD; physician claims, hospitalizations, and vital statistics) in five Canadian provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, and Nova Scotia). Canadians 12 years and older and registered for their provincial healthcare coverage were included. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes) was used for case identification of SRD from April 2001 to March 2018. Results During the study period, the annual recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased in Alberta (2001–2002: 8.0‰; 2017–2018: 12.8‰), Ontario (2001–2002: 11.5‰; 2017–2018: 14.4‰), and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 6.4‰; 2017–2018: 12.7‰), but remained stable in Manitoba (2001–2002: 5.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.4‰) and Québec (2001–2002 and 2017–2018: 7.5‰). Cumulative recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased steadily for all provinces. Recorded incidence proportions increased significantly in Alberta (2001–2002: 4.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.0‰) and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 3.3‰; 2017–2018: 3.8‰), but significantly decreased in Ontario (2001–2002: 6.2‰; 2017–2018: 4.7‰), Québec (2001–2002: 4.1‰; 2017–2018: 3.2‰) and Manitoba (2001–2002: 2.7‰; 2017–2018: 2.0‰). For almost all causes of death, a higher MRR was found among individuals with recorded SRD than in the general population. The causes of death in 2015–2016 with the highest MRR for SRD individuals were SRD, suicide, and non-suicide trauma in Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, and Québec. Discussion Linked AHD covering almost the entire population can be useful to monitor the medical service trends of SRD and, therefore, guide health services planning in Canadian provinces.Contexte Évaluer les changements temporels des taux diagnostiques enregistrés, les proportions de l’incidence et les résultats de santé des troubles liés aux substances (TLS) peut informer les décideurs de la santé publique dans la réduction des méfaits associés à l’alcool et autres drogues. Objectif Faire rapport sur les taux diagnostiques enregistrés annuels et cumulatifs et les proportions de l’incidence des TLS, ainsi que les rapports des taux de mortalité (RTM) par cause de décès au sein de ce groupe au Canada, selon leur province de résidence. Méthodes Des analyses ont été exécutées sur des bases de données de santé administratives couplées (réclamations de médecins, hospitalisations, statistiques vitales) dans cinq provinces canadiennes (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, et Nouvelle-Écosse). Des Canadiens de 12 ans et plus inscrits à leur assurance-santé provinciale étaient inclus. La Classification internationale des maladies (CIM-9 ou −10 codes) a servi à l’identification de cas de TLS d’avril 2001 à mars 2018. Résultats Durant la période de l’étude, les taux diagnostiques de TLS enregistrés annuellement ont augmenté en Alberta (2001–2002 : 8,0 ‰; 2017–2018 : 12,8 ‰), en Ontario (2001–2002 : 11,5 ‰; 2017–2018 : 14,4 ‰), et en Nouvelle-Écosse (2001–2002 : 6,4 ‰; 2017–2018: 12,7 ‰), mais sont demeurés stables au Manitoba (2001–2002 : 5,5 ‰; 2017–2018 : 5,4 ‰) et au Québec (2001–2002 et 2017–2018 : 7,5 ‰). Les taux diagnostiques de TLS cumulatifs enregistrés ont augmenté régulièrement pour toutes les provinces. Les proportions de l’incidence enregistrées se sont accrues significativement en Alberta (2001–2002 : 4,5 ‰; 2017–2018 : 5,0 ‰) et en Nouvelle-Écosse (2001–2002 : 3,3 ‰; 2017–2018 : 3,8 ‰), mais ont significativement diminué en Ontario (2001–2002 : 6,2 ‰; 2017–2018 : 4,7 ‰), au Québec (2001–2002 : 4,1 ‰; 2017–2018 : 3,2 ‰) et au Manitoba (2001–2002 : 2,7 ‰; 2017–2018 : 2,0 ‰). Pour presque toutes les causes de décès, des RTM plus élevés ont été constatés chez les personnes ayant des TLS enregistrés que dans la population générale. Les causes de décès en 2015–2016 avec les RTM les plus élevés pour les personnes présentant de TLS étaient les TLS, le suicide, et les traumatismes de non-suicide en Alerta, en Ontario, au Manitoba, et au Québec. Discussion Les bases de données de santé administratives jumelées qui couvrent presque la population en entier peuvent être utiles pour surveiller les tendances des services médicaux de TLS et par conséquent, guider la planification des services de santé dans les provinces canadiennes