Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy of single molecules reveals load dependence of myosin working stroke

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Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Analysis of the prevalence of different topographical characteristics of the residual ridge in mandibular free-end arches Análise da prevalência de diferentes características topográficas do rebordo residual em arcos mandibulares com extremidades livres

This study observed the prevalence of different types of residual ridge inclination in free-ends of mandibles and reported possible correlative factors that may affect resorption. For this purpose, periapical radiographs and individual data collected from a sample of 64 hemiarches were used. Two radiographs were taken of each free-end, and tracing was employed to determine the angles formed by the resorption configuration in the area of the 1st mandibular molar. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) the great majority of alveolar ridges were distally descending; 2) the average angle was wider for users of mandibular removable partial dentures; 3) the results obtained suggest that the type of opposing maxillary arch affects the inclination of mandibular ridges; 4) greater inclination was observed when the 2nd bicuspids of the mandible were the abutment teeth; 5) no significant correlation was established between age, sex and residual ridge resorption.<br>Esta pesquisa constatou a prevalência dos tipos de rebordos residuais no sentido ântero-posterior em extremidades livres inferiores, além de correlacionar alguns fatores que possam influenciar as suas reabsorções. Para isso, utilizamos radiografias periapicais e dados individuais colhidos na amostra de 64 hemiarcos; foram obtidas 2 radiografias de cada área de extremidade livre e, a partir de traçados, determinamos os ângulos formados pela reabsorção na altura do 1º molar inferior. Podemos constatar que: 1º) a grande maioria de inclinação encontrada foi de rebordos descendentes para distal; 2º) a média de angulação foi maior para usuários de prótese parcial removível inferior; 3º) os resultados sugeriram existir influência do tipo de arco antagônico superior na inclinação dos rebordos inferiores; 4º) observou-se aumento de inclinação quando os segundos pré-molares inferiores eram os dentes adjacentes ao espaço protético; e 5º) não foram encontradas correlações significantes entre idade, sexo e reabsorção do rebordo residual