Satietogenic Protein from Tamarind Seeds Decreases Food Intake, Leptin Plasma and CCK-1r Gene Expression in Obese Wistar Rats

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of a protein, the isolated Trypsin Inhibitor (TTI) from Tamarindus indica L. seed, as a CCK secretagogue and its action upon food intake and leptin in obese Wistar rats. Methods: Three groups of obese rats were fed 10 days one of the following diets: Standard diet (Labina®) + water; High Glycemic Index and Load (HGLI) diet + water or HGLI diet + TTI. Lean animals were fed the standard diet for the 10 days. Food intake, zoometric measurements, plasma CCK, plasma leptin, relative mRNA expression of intestinal CCK-related genes, and expression of the ob gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed. Results: TTI decreased food intake but did not increase plasma CCK in obese animals. On the other hand, TTI treatment decreased CCK-1R gene expression in obese animals compared with the obese group with no treatment (p = 0.027). Obese animals treated with TTI presented lower plasma leptin than the non-treated obese animals. Conclusion: We suggest that TTI by decreasing plasma leptin may improve CCK action, regardless of its increase in plasma from obese rats, since food intake was lowest

Tierra Del Fuego: What Is Left from the Precolonial Male Lineages?

Similar to other South American regions, Tierra del Fuego has an admixed population characterized by distinct ancestors: Native Americans who first occupied the continent, European settlers who arrived from the late 15th century onwards, and Sub-Saharan Africans who were brought to the Americas for slave labor. To disclose the paternal lineages in the current population from Tierra del Fuego, 196 unrelated males were genotyped for 23 Y-STRs and 52 Y-SNPs. Haplotype and haplogroup diversities were high, indicating the absence of strong founder or drift events. A high frequency of Eurasian haplogroups was detected (94.4%), followed by Native American (5.1%) and African (0.5%) ones. The haplogroup R was the most abundant (48.5%), with the subhaplogroup R-S116* taking up a quarter of the total dataset. Comparative analyses with other Latin American populations showed similarities with other admixed populations from Argentina. Regarding Eurasian populations, Tierra del Fuego presented similarities with Italian and Iberian populations. In an in-depth analysis of the haplogroup R-M269 and its subtypes, Tierra del Fuego displayed a close proximity to the Iberian Peninsula. The results from this study are in line with the historical records and reflect the severe demographic change led mainly by male newcomers with paternal European origin.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci

In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent.Peer reviewe

Y-STR haplotype background of Philippines: comparison with other Southeast Asian populations

Philippines is an archipelago in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most populated country in Southeast Asia, harboring multiple ethnic groups and cultures. Most of the non-indigenous population is composed by Chinese and Spanish immigrants. In order to characterize the Y-STR composition of Philippines, in the present study, we have collected 74 samples from unrelated males from the three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. These samples were typed for the 27 Y-STR loci included in the YFiler Plus kit. A high Y-STR haplotype diversity was found with all haplotypes being unique in our sample. Low diversity values were found for DYS391 and DYS438 (below 34%) and the multi-loci markers DYS385 and DYF387S1 were among the most diverse ones (above 95%). Since no data is available for the full set of YFiler Plus markers, a smaller set was used to calculate genetic distances between Philippines and other Southeast Asian populations. The results showed no significant differences between our samples and two other samples from Philippines, one from the general population and the other restricted to Luzon region. Significant differences were observed when comparing any of the three Philippines samples with Vietnam and Singapore populations

Vägledning eller information-En studie av olika åsikter angående vägledning via e-post

Denna studie redovisar ett antal åsikter angående vägledning via e-post. Vi har använt oss av intervjuer med ett fåtal vägledare för att närmare granska vad vägledare anser om vägledning via e-post. Teoridelen behandlar både vägledning generellt, samtalsfärdigheter, informationsbaserad vägledning, etik samt vägledning via e-post. Vi vill med detta belysa olika aspekter av ordet vägledning och klargöra vad begreppet vägledning kan innefatta. Genom det material vi har bearbetat och tagit del av kan vi se att vägledning via e-post är något som är på frammarsch, och som ökar avsevärt hela tiden. Det måste dock fortfarande utvecklas till att bli bättre och tydligare, likväl som att de som arbetar på detta sätt måste fortsätta att utveckla sig. Än kvarstår rädsla för det nya och okända för många vägledare, som gärna blir kvar i det gamla och invanda. Flera vägledare ser denna metod som ett bra komplement till vanlig traditionell vägledning, men anser att det fortfarande är något som är mer informationsbaserat än vägledningsbaserat. Men måste det ena utesluta det andra? Ett uttalande som vi fastnade för under en av våra intervjuer, och som vi anser att alla borde ha i bakhuvudet när det gäller vägledning via e-post, vill vi gärna återge här: ”Om folk själva väljer den här formen att rikta sig till mig genom e-post med funderingar…då skall jag kunna hantera det på ett bra sätt, därför att det är individens val…

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on the barcode region of the COI marker.

<p>The numbers near the branches represent the bootstrap probabilities.</p

High-definition x-ray images of: A–D, <i>Colomesus psittacus</i> USNM.393077; E–G, <i>Colomesus asellus</i> USNM.191569.

<p>Scale bar equals 10</p

Taxonomic sampling and accession numbers.

<p>(*)Sequences newly determined in this study.</p

External morphology of the genus <i>Colomesus</i>.

<p>A) <i>Colomesus tocantinensis </i><b>nov. sp.</b> – Tocantins (holotype PNT.UERJ.405 highlighted in white); B) <i>Colomesus asellus</i> – Iquitos; C) <i>Colomesus asellus</i> – Belém.</p