Influência do treinamento de força na economia de corrida em corredores de endurance

Atualmente, no esporte de alto rendimento, a busca por melhores resultados e pela superação dos recordes faz com que a preparação dos atletas tenha uma grande importância. Melhorar a economia de corrida no atleta de endurance significa otimizar sua performance e minimizar o desgaste em suas provas, o que, certamente, é essencial no esporte de alto rendimento. Várias metodologias de treinamento são utilizadas para um incremento na medida de economia de corrida, dentre elas a adição do treinamento de força ao treinamento específico dos atletas. O objetivo do trabalho consiste em analisar a literatura referente às diversas metodologias de treinamento de força, suas aplicações e relações com o treinamento de corredores de endurance, enfatizando possíveis adaptações na medida de economia de corrida. Embora verificada uma influência positiva da intervenção do treinamento de força na economia de corrida em atletas de endurance, a literatura científica acerca dessa relação ainda é restrita, sendo necessários estudos mais conclusivos para elucidar com clareza as adaptações desse método de treinamento na preparação dos atletas de endurance

Resistance Training Safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak: Practical Recommendations

In December of 2019, there was an outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) in China. The virus rapidly spread into the whole world causing an unprecedented pandemic and forcing governments to impose a global quarantine, entering an extreme unknown situation. The organizational consequences of quarantine/isolation are absence of organized training and competition, lack of communication among athletes and coaches, inability to move freely, lack of adequate sunlight exposure, and inappropriate training conditions. The reduction of mobility imposed to contain the advance of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic can negatively affect the physical condition and health of individuals leading to muscle atrophy, progressive loss of muscle strength, and reductions in neuromuscular and mechanical capacities. Resistance training (RT) might be an effective tool to counteract these adverse consequences. RT is considered an essential part of an exercise program due to its numerous health and athletic benefits. However, in the face of the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak, many people might be concerned with safety issues regarding its practice, especially in indoor exercise facilities, such as gyms and fitness centers. These concerns might be associated with RT impact in the immune system, respiratory changes, and contamination due to equipment sharing and agglomeration. In this current opinion article, we provide insights to address these issues to facilitate the return of RT practices under the new logistical and health challenges. We understand that RT can be adapted to allow its performance with measures adopted to control coronavirus outbreak such that the benefits would largely overcome the potential risks. The article provides some practical information to help on its implementation

Effects of physical training exercise upon liver lipid metabolism of tumour-bearing rats: role of PPAR<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945;.

A caquexia é uma síndrome paraneoplásica caracterizada pelo comprometimento do metabolismo lipídico levando à marcadas alterações fisiológicas no fígado, entre estas o desenvolvimento de esteatose. O treinamento conhecidamente melhora a capacidade metabólica do fígado. O presente projeto verificou os efeitos do treinamento em ratos com caquexia induzida pelo tumor. Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: ratos sedentários controle (SC), sedentários portadores de tumor (ST), treinados controle (TC) e treinados portadores de tumor controle (TT). A expressão gênica de proteínas reguladoras do metabolismo lipídico e do processo inflamatório (CPT I e II, L-FABP, PPAR-alfa, NFB, IB, RXR, COX-2, assim como o conteúdo protéico de NFB, PPAR&#945; e CPT II e a atividade máxima do complexo CPT foram medidos. Ainda, avaliou-se a concentração de IL-6, TNF-&#945; e IL-10 a concentração de PGE2. Os resultados obtidos apontam restabelecimento da capacidade de oxidar e secretar lipídios pelo fígado, bem como o efeito anti-inflamatório deste. Em conclusão, sugere-se uma associação entre a redução na concentração de PGE2 ao aumento na expressão gênica e protéica do PPAR&#945; pelo treinamento no controle da inflamação, contudo mais estudos são necessários.Cancer Cachexia is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterised by marked disruption of lipid metabolism. The liver suffers marked physiological alterations during cancer cachexia including hepatic steatosis, triggered by impaired lipid secretion, augmented uptake and decrease oxidation. Regular exercise training is well known to induce improvement of metabolic capacity in the liver. We adressed the effects of training upon liver of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary tumour-bearing (ST), trained control (TC) and trained tumour-bearing rats (TT). Gene expression of CPT I and II, L-FABP, PPAR-alpha, NFB, IB, RXR, COX-2, as well as NFB, PPAR-alpha and CPT II protein content and the maximal activity of CPT I and II were assessed. The IL-6, TNF-&#945; and IL-10 content in the liver and the role of exercise training upon PGE2 content was also evaluated. The results indicate the reestablishment of lipid oxidation and secretion capacity by the liver beyond of the anti-inflammatory exercise training. In conclusion, the present results suggest an association between a lower PGE2 levels in contrast to a higher PPAR&#945; gene and protein expression through exercise training upon inflammation and lipid metabolism modulation. However, more data are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms

Search for top squarks in final states with two top quarks and several light-flavor jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Many new physics models, including versions of supersymmetry characterized by R-parity violation (RPV), compressed mass spectra, long decay chains, or additional hidden sectors, predict the production of events with top quarks, low missing transverse momentum, and many additional quarks or gluons. The results of a search for new physics in events with two top quarks and additional jets are reported. The search is performed using events with at least seven jets and exactly one electron or muon. No requirement on missing transverse momentum is imposed. The study is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions at root s = 13TeV corresponding to 137 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016-2018. The data are used to determine best fit values and upper limits on the cross section for pair production of top squarks in scenarios of RPV and stealth supersymmetry. Top squark masses up to 670 (870) GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for the RPV (stealth) scenario, and the maximum observed local signal significance is 2.8 standard deviations for the RPV scenario with top squark mass of 400 GeV.Peer reviewe

Search for resonant and nonresonant new phenomena in high-mass dilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model (SM) using electron or muon pairs with high invariant mass. A data set of proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 13 TeV from 2016 to 2018 corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of up to 140 fb(-1) is analyzed. No significant deviation is observed with respect to the SM background expectations. Upper limits are presented on the ratio of the product of the production cross section and the branching fraction to dileptons of a new narrow resonance to that of the Z boson. These provide the most stringent lower limits to date on the masses for various spin-1 particles, spin-2 gravitons in the Randall-Sundrum model, as well as spin-1 mediators between the SM and dark matter particles. Lower limits on the ultraviolet cutoff parameter are set both for four-fermion contact interactions and for the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali model with large extra dimensions. Lepton flavor universality is tested at the TeV scale for the first time by comparing the dimuon and dielectron mass spectra. No significant deviation from the SM expectation of unity is observed.Peer reviewe

Measurement of differential cross sections for the production of a Z boson in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA measurement is presented of the production of Z bosons that decay into two electrons or muons in association with jets, in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. The differential cross sections are measured as a function of the transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) of the Z boson and the transverse momentum and rapidities of the five jets with largest $p_\mathrm{T}$. The jet multiplicity distribution is measured for up to eight jets. The hadronic activity in the events is estimated using the scalar sum of the $p_\mathrm{T}$ of all the jets. All measurements are unfolded to the stable particle-level and compared with predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators, as well as with expectations at leading and next-to-leading orders in perturbative quantum chromodynamics

Search for Wγ\gamma resonances in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV using hadronic decays of Lorentz-boosted W bosons

International audienceA search for Wγ resonances in the mass range between 0.7 and 6.0 TeV is presented. The W boson is reconstructed via its hadronic decays, with the final-state products forming a single large-radius jet, owing to a high Lorentz boost of the W boson. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at s=13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb−1, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016–2018. The Wγ mass spectrum is parameterized with a smoothly falling background function and examined for the presence of resonance-like signals. No significant excess above the predicted background is observed. Model-specific upper limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the cross section and branching fraction to the Wγ channel are set. Limits for narrow resonances and for resonances with an intrinsic width equal to 5% of their mass, for spin-0 and spin-1 hypotheses, range between 0.17 fb at 6.0 TeV and 55 fb at 0.7 TeV. These are the most restrictive limits to date on the existence of such resonances over a large range of probed masses. In specific heavy scalar (vector) triplet benchmark models, narrow resonances with masses between 0.75 (1.15) and 1.40 (1.36) TeV are excluded for a range of model parameters. Model-independent limits on the product of the cross section, signal acceptance, and branching fraction to the Wγ channel are set for minimum Wγ mass thresholds between 1.5 and 8.0 TeV

Search for top squarks in final states with two top quarks and several light-flavor jets in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt {s} = 13 TeV

Many new physics models, including versions of supersymmetry characterized by R-parity violation (RPV), compressed mass spectra, long decay chains, or additional hidden sectors, predict the production of events with top quarks, low missing transverse momentum, and many additional quarks or gluons. The results of a search for new physics in events with two top quarks and additional jets are reported. The search is performed using events with at least seven jets and exactly one electron or muon. No requirement on missing transverse momentum is imposed. The study is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt {s}$ = 13 TeV corresponding to 137 fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016–2018. The data are used to determine best fit values and upper limits on the cross section for pair production of top squarks in scenarios of RPV and stealth supersymmetry. Top squark masses up to 670 (870) GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for the RPV (stealth) scenario, and the maximum observed local signal significance is 2.8 standard deviations for the RPV scenario with top squark mass of 400 GeV

Search for Wγ resonances in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt {s} 13 TeV using hadronic decays of Lorentz-boosted W bosons

A search for Wγ resonances in the mass range between 0.7 and 6.0 TeV is presented. The W boson is reconstructed via its hadronic decays, with the final-state products forming a single large-radius jet, owing to a high Lorentz boost of the W boson. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt {s}$ =13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{−1}$, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016–2018. The Wγ mass spectrum is parameterized with a smoothly falling background function and examined for the presence of resonance-like signals. No significant excess above the predicted background is observed. Model-specific upper limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the cross section and branching fraction to the Wγ channel are set. Limits for narrow resonances and for resonances with an intrinsic width equal to 5% of their mass, for spin-0 and spin-1 hypotheses, range between 0.17 fb at 6.0 TeV and 55 fb at 0.7 TeV. These are the most restrictive limits to date on the existence of such resonances over a large range of probed masses. In specific heavy scalar (vector) triplet benchmark models, narrow resonances with masses between 0.75 (1.15) and 1.40 (1.36) TeV are excluded for a range of model parameters. Model-independent limits on the product of the cross section, signal acceptance, and branching fraction to the $Wγ$ channel are set for minimum $Wγ$ mass thresholds between 1.5 and 8.0 TeV