Chatbots na educação: uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura

Um chatbot é um sistema capaz de conversar com um usuário em linguagem natural, de maneira a simular um diálogo humano. Exemplos de chatbots podem ser encontrados nas áreas de saúde, entretenimento, negócios e educação. Este artigo apresenta uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura acerca da aplicação dos chatbots para fins educacionais em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Por meio da análise, constatou-se que a maior parcela dos chatbots foca na área de conhecimento da Ciência da Computação e que é destinada para o nível de ensino superior. Em geral, os estudos reportaram resultados positivos na construção do conhecimento dos alunos e destacaram os principais fatores que poderiam ser aprimorados para maior consistência do diálogo

Wild dogs at stake: deforestation threatens the only Amazon endemic canid, the short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)

The persistent high deforestation rate and fragmentation of the Amazon forests are the main threats to their biodiversity. To anticipate and mitigate these threats, it is important to understand and predict how species respond to the rapidly changing landscape. The short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis is the only Amazon-endemic canid and one of the most understudied wild dogs worldwide. We investigated short-eared dog habitat associations on two spatial scales. First, we used the largest record database ever compiled for short-eared dogs in combination with species distribution models to map species habitat suitability, estimate its distribution range and predict shifts in species distribution in response to predicted deforestation across the entire Amazon (regional scale). Second, we used systematic camera trap surveys and occupancy models to investigate how forest cover and forest fragmentation affect the space use of this species in the Southern Brazilian Amazon (local scale). Species distribution models suggested that the short-eared dog potentially occurs over an extensive and continuous area, through most of the Amazon region south of the Amazon River. However, approximately 30% of the short-eared dog's current distribution is expected to be lost or suffer sharp declines in habitat suitability by 2027 (within three generations) due to forest loss. This proportion might reach 40% of the species distribution in unprotected areas and exceed 60% in some interfluves (i.e. portions of land separated by large rivers) of the Amazon basin. Our local-scale analysis indicated that the presence of forest positively affected short-eared dog space use, while the density of forest edges had a negative effect. Beyond shedding light on the ecology of the short-eared dog and refining its distribution range, our results stress that forest loss poses a serious threat to the conservation of the species in a short time frame. Hence, we propose a re-assessment of the short-eared dog's current IUCN Red List status (Near Threatened) based on findings presented here. Our study exemplifies how data can be integrated across sources and modelling procedures to improve our knowledge of relatively understudied species

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Chatbots in education : a Systematic Literature Review

Um chatbot é um sistema capaz de conversar com um usuário em linguagem natural, de maneira a simular um diálogo humano. Exemplos de chatbots podem ser encontrados nas áreas de saúde, entretenimento, negócios e educação. Este artigo apresenta uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura acerca da aplicação dos chatbots para fins educacionais em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Por meioda análise, constatou-se que a maior parcela dos chatbots foca na área de conhecimento da Ciência da Computação e que é destinada para o nível de ensino superior. Em geral, os estudos reportaram resultados positivos na construção do conhecimento dos alunos e destacaram os principais fatores que poderiam ser aprimorados para maior consistência do diálogo.A chatbot is a system capable of conversing with a user in natural language, in order tosimulate human dialogue. Examples of chatbots can be found in the areas of healthcare, entertainment, business and education. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review on the application of chatbots for educational purposes in national and international databases. Through the analysis, it was found that the largest share of chatbotsfocuses onthe area of knowledge ofComputer Science and is intended for higher educationlevel. In general, studies have reported positive results in the constructionof students' knowledge and highlighted the main factors that could be enhanced for greater dialogue consistency

Reproducibility of manometric test results according to different examiners

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-11T20:58:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007INTRODUÇÃO: A manometria anal é um método para estudo do esfíncter anal, incluindo os músculos esfíncter anal interno e externo responsáveis pelas pressões de repouso e contração. MÉTODO: estudo retrospectivo através da análise de exames de manometria anal de 10 pacientes com diagnóstico de constipação atendidos no ambulatório de Fisiologia Anal do Serviço de Coloproctologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2004. Todos os exames foram analisados por 3 diferentes examinadores sendo um preceptor em fisiologia anal, um médico em aprendizado recente e um médico residente em treinamento e cada um fornece um laudo para cada exame. RESULTADO: os examinadores são diferentes estatisticamente na avaliação da pressão de contração e de evacuação. Em algumas situações o examinador 1 é diferente dos outros examinadores e em uma situação o examinador 3 é diferente dos demais. Não houve diferença em relação aos laudos de presença de anismus, comprimento do canal anal, falha esfincteriana e laudo final do exame. CONCLUSÃO: diferenças estatísticas foram observadas entre os examinadores, porém, estas diferenças não modificaram o laudo final do exame. Seu resultado final não é influenciado pela reprodução do mesmo por diferentes profissionais.INTRODUCTION: The anal manometry is an approach for the study of the anal sphincter including the muscles internal and external anal sphincter being responsible for the pressures of rest and contraction. METHOD: retrospective study through the analysis of examinations of anal manometry of 10 patients with diagnosis of constipation taken care of in the clinic of Anal Physiology of the Service of Coloproctologia of the College of Medical Sciences of the Casa Saint of São Paulo in the period of January of 2004 the July of 2004. All the examinations had been analyzed by 3 different examiners being a teacher in anal physiology, a doctor in recent learning and a resident doctor in training and each one supply a finding each examination. RESULT: the examiners are different statistical in the evaluation of the evacuation and contraction pressure. In some situations examiner 1 is different of the other examiners and in a situation examiner 3 is different of excessively. It did not have difference in relation to the findings of presence of anismus, length of the anal canal, final finding of the examination fails esfincteriana and. CONCLUSION: statistical differences had been observed between the examiners, however, these differences had not modified the final finding of the examination. Its final result is not influenced by the reproduction of it by different professionals.[Cesar, Maria Auxiliadora Prolungatti] Universidade de TaubatéKlug, Wilmar Artur; Capelhuchnick, Peretz] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, BrazilCesar, Maria Auxiliadora Prolungatti; Mantovani, Anandréa Piva; Antunes, Carlos André de Barros; Souza, Ruy Charles Cardoso de; Vasconcelos, Cyntia Daniela Resende de] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, BrazilOrtiz, Jorge Alberto] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazi

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: a dataset of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed and grey literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive dataset of inventories of mammal, bird and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete dataset comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals - Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds - Pauxi tuberosa (3,713 records); and reptiles - Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens-up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The dataset is not copyright restricted; please cite this data-paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using this data