Uso y abuso de alcohol en adultos mayores de 65 años de una localidad de estrato medio bajo del municipio de Zacatecas

Propósito y Método de Estudio: El propósito fue conocer la proporción de uso y abuso de alcohol en adultos mayores de acuerdo a algunas características sociodemográficas. El diseño fue descriptivo y correlacional, la población estuvo conformada por (n = 160) adultos mayores (hombres y mujeres) residentes de una localidad de estrato bajo del municipio de Zacatecas. El tipo de muestreo fue por conglomerados, a partir de una marco muestral de 65 manzanas. La muestra se determinó considerando que el principal parámetro es una proporción con 95% de confianza para un intervalo bilateral con un enfoque conservador y con un límite de error de estimación de .06 (aproximadamente 6%); la muestra fue 101 adultos mayores. El instrumento que se utilizó fue el Cuestionario de Exámen de Tamizaje (Detección) de Alcoholismo de Michigan – Versión Geriátrica (MAST-G) el cual reporto un Alpha de Cronbach de .77. Contribución y Conclusiones: El estudio permitió verificar los conceptos de uso y abuso de alcohol en adultos mayores. La media de edad fue de 69.77años (DE = 7.74), la media de escolaridad fue de 3.48 (DE = 3.23). Se presento diferencia significativa (2 = 27.71, p < .001) del consumo de alcohol en el pasado y el consumo actual de los adultos mayores, siendo más alto el consumo en el pasado (36.8%). La proporción en el consumo de alcohol pasado fue .36, IC 95% (.27-.46). Se documenta diferencia significativa (2 = 38.98, p <.001), de consumo de alcohol en el pasado y actual por sexo siendo más alto este consumo en el sexo masculino (66.0%). Se observaron además diferencias significativas (2 = 16.13, p <.001) por sexo en el consumo actual según el puntaje MAST-G, las mujeres (100%), reportaron no consumo de alcohol y los hombres (26.4%), que consumían alcohol reportaron consumo de abuso y de riesgo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (2 =1.02, p =.312) del consumo de alcohol actual y en el pasado por estado marital. Sé encontraron diferencias significativas (2 = 18.26, p = .001) de consumo de alcohol actual y en el pasado según la ocupación, este consumo fue más alto en obreros (31%) seguido de los comerciantes (18.8%) y finalmente los jubilados y amas de casa (3.3%)

Asociación entre calidad de vida laboral y estilo de vida en personal de enfermería

The uniqueness and context of work in health professionals makes them more vulnerable to unsatisfactorily perceiving their quality of working life, affecting their performance and productivity, disrupting the personal sphere; Therefore, the present study was carried out with the objective of identifying the association between quality of professional life and lifestyle in nursing personnel, through a correlational, comparative cross-sectional study in 111 nurses working in a hospital. public of Zacatecas, Mexico. The Professional Quality of Life questionnaires (CPV-35) and the Practices and Beliefs on Lifestyles instrument were applied. On a scale from 0 to 100, the lifestyle obtained an average of 58.64 points (SD = 14.31) and the quality of professional life 62.38 (SD = 10.87), with a positive and significant association between both variables (r = .320, p=.01). Younger people, with less job seniority and less schooling, were the ones who presented less healthy lifestyles. It is necessary to implement strategies to improve the work and personal environment of these professionals, who, being the main promoters of health, should lead by example.La singularidad y contexto del trabajo en profesionales del área de la salud, los hace más vulnerables a percibir de manera no satisfactoria su calidad de vida laboral afectando su desempeño y productividad, trastocando el ámbito personal; por lo que el presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de identificar la asociación entre calidad de vida profesional y estilo de vida en personal de enfermería, a través de un estudio correlacional, comparativo de corte transversal en 111 enfermeros(as) trabajadores de un hospital público de Zacatecas, México. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de Calidad de Vida Profesional (CPV-35) y el instrumento de Prácticas y Creencias sobre Estilos de Vida. En una escala del 0 al 100, el estilo de vida obtuvo una media de 58.64 puntos (DE = 14.31) y la calidad de vida profesional de 62.38 (DE = 10.87), con asociación positiva y significativa entre ambas variables (r = .320, p=.01). Las personas de menor edad, con menor antigüedad laboral y escolaridad más baja, fueron quienes presentaron estilos de vida menos saludables. Es necesario implementar estrategias para mejorar el ambiente laboral y personal de estos profesionistas, quienes al ser los principales promotores de la salud, debieran predicar con el ejemplo

The Mouse Model as a Tool for Histological, Immunological and Parasitological Studies of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

The global expansion of Chagas disease is due to the constant migration of individuals from endemic countries with incidence of vector and nonvector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease is present in its various stages: chronological characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection and its mechanism of immune system and cell and tissue damage. The first stage, which lasts 90 days approximately, is diagnosed by direct methods (blood smears stained with Giemsa, fresh and xenodiagnosis). The indeterminate-chronic stage is asymptomatic, but the growth and intracellular binary multiplication of the trypomastigotes continue promoting cell lysis and allowing parasites to infect other cells, with preferential tropism to organs producing mega syndromes such as cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, megaesophagus and megacolon. Inadvertently, this process is repeated for several years leading to Chagas disease. The mouse inoculation allows checking the parasitemia in vivo and the development of the disease in short time (signs, behavior and tropism), histopathological alterations and detection of antibodies in serum. These parameters may vary when using different strains of T. cruzi from different geographical areas; Triatoma species due to their genetic variability are influenced by the environment, nutrition, reservoirs and habitat. The murine model ECA CD-1 has the ability to replicate human findings of Chagas disease

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Indicadores económicos para la producción y uso de semilla mejorada de maíz de calidad proteínica (QPM) en México.

Economic indexes for the production and use ofimproved corn of quality protein (QPM) in Mexico. Topromote the extensive use of quality protein corns (QPM),schemes as kg/kg of corn could be an alternative to support itsspreading. The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales,Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) in coordination with theCIMMYT, intensified research projects which allowed thereleasing of commercial hybrids and QPM corn varieties.However, joint to the characteristics of each one of the materials,it is convenient to analyze the economic implications of the useof these seeds, based on their conformation as simple hybrids, trilineal,varietals, open-pollinated varieties, because there is apotential problem of its productive capacity and quality ofprogeny lines; which makes it necessary to analyze the efficiencyof producing hybrid seeds. This work analyzes the impact of theproductivity of each progenitor on the cost of producing mexicanhybrids, based on the minimum productivity level. Also, anestimate is shown of the prices the farmers are willing to pay forthe improved seed of quality protein varieties.Para propiciar un uso extensivo de los maíces de calidadproteínica (QPM), esquemas como Kilo por Kilo demaíz, podrían ser una alternativa para apoyar su difusión. ElInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas yPecuarias (INIFAP) en coordinación con el CIMMYT, intensificó trabajos de investigación que permitieron la liberacióncomercial de híbridos y variedades de maíz QPM. Sin embargoaunado a las características de cada uno de los materiales,conviene analizar, las implicaciones económicas del uso de susemilla, es decir con base en su conformación como híbridossimples, trilineales, varietales y las variedades de polinizaciónlibre, ya que existe un problema potencial de la capacidad productivay calidad de las líneas progenitoras; lo que hace necesarioanalizar la eficiencia en la producción de semilla de loshíbridos. En este trabajo se analiza el impacto que tiene la productividadde cada progenitor en el costo de producción de hí-bridos mexicanos, con base en niveles mínimos de productividad.También, se estiman los precios que los agricultoresestarían dispuestos a pagar por semilla mejorada de variedadesde calidad proteínica

Actividad antimicrobiana de plantas nativas de Sonora, México, contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de leche de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria that infect the mammary gland of dairy cattle, which generates significant economic losses, in addition, due to the excessive use of antibiotics to treat this disease, microorganisms have created resistance to these drugs, therefore, new alternatives are sought for this purpose. The objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of extracts of plant native to Sonora against pathogenic bacteria isolated from cows diagnosed with mastitis. Seventeen ethanolic extracts were obtained from plants native to Sonora, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion method against seven pathogens isolated from milk from cows with mastitis, using a concentration of 50 mg/ml of each extract. The content of total phenols and flavonoids was determined by spectrophotometry. The results showed that extracts of Ibervillea sonorae (wereke, tuber), Populus alba (poplar, leaves), Ambrosia ambrosioides (chicura, stems), Krameria sonorae (cosahui, roots) and Prosopis velutina (mesquite, leaves) were effective in eliminating S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Shigella spp. and Citrobacter spp. (P<0.05). In addition, extracts high in total phenols and flavonoids (wereke, poplar, chicura, cosahui and mesquite) showed an inverse correlation with respect to pH (r= -0.94, r= -0.92, respectively) (P<0.05) and had greater antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Therefore, the extracts of plants from Sonoran could represent an alternative for the control of Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogens that infect the mammary gland of dairy cattle.La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad causada por bacterias patógenas que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero, lo cual genera pérdidas económicas importantes, además, debido al uso excesivo de antibióticos para tratar esta enfermedad, los microorganismos han creado resistencia a estos fármacos, por ello, se buscan nuevas alternativas para este fin. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos de plantas nativas de Sonora contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis. Se obtuvieron 17 extractos etanólicos de plantas nativas de Sonora, y se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana por el método de difusión en agar contra siete patógenos aislados de leche de vacas con mastitis utilizando una concentración de 50 mg/ml de cada extracto. El contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales se determinó mediante espectrofotometría. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de Ibervillea sonorae (wereke, tubérculo), Populus alba (álamo, hojas), Ambrosia ambrosioides (chicura, tallos), Krameria sonorae (cosahui, raíces) y Prosopis velutina (mezquite, hojas) fueron eficaces para eliminar a S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Shigella spp. y Citrobacter spp. (P<0.05). Además, los extractos con alto contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (wereke, álamo, chicura, cosahui y mezquite)  mostraron una correlación inversa con respecto al pH (r = -0.94, r = -0.92, respectivamente) (P<0.05) y presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra los patógenos probados. Por lo anterior, los extractos de las plantas de Sonora podrían  representar una alternativa para el control de patógenos  Gram (+) y Gram (-) que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero

Biomechanical Evaluation of Plantar Pressure Distribution towards a Customized 3D Orthotic Device: A Methodological Case Study through a Finite Element Analysis Approach

Plantar pressure distribution is a thoroughly recognized parameter for evaluating foot structure and biomechanical behavior, as it is utilized to determine musculoskeletal conditions and diagnose foot abnormalities. Experimental testing is currently being utilized to investigate static foot conditions using invasive and noninvasive techniques. These methods are usually expensive and laborious, and they lack valuable data since they only evaluate compressive forces, missing the complex stress combinations the foot undergoes while standing. The present investigation applied medical and engineering methods to predict pressure points in a healthy foot soft tissue during normal standing conditions. Thus, a well-defined three-dimensional foot biomodel was constructed to be numerically analyzed through medical imaging. Two study cases were developed through a structural finite element analysis. The first study was developed to evaluate barefoot behavior deformation and stresses occurring in the plantar region. The results from this analysis were validated through baropodometric testing. Subsequently, a customized 3D model total-contact foot orthosis was designed to redistribute peak pressures appropriately, relieving the plantar region from excessive stress. The results in the first study case successfully demonstrated the prediction of the foot sole regions more prone to suffer a pressure concentration since the values are in good agreement with experimental testing. Employing a customized insole proved to be highly advantageous in fulfilling its primary function, reducing peak pressure points substantially. The main aim of this paper was to provide more precise insights into the biomechanical behavior of foot pressure points through engineering methods oriented towards innovative assessment for absolute customization for orthotic devices

Indicadores económicos para la producción y uso de semilla mejorada de maíz de calidad proteínica (QPM) en México

Economic indexes for the production and use ofimproved corn of quality protein (QPM) in Mexico. Topromote the extensive use of quality protein corns (QPM),schemes as kg/kg of corn could be an alternative to support itsspreading. The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales,Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) in coordination with theCIMMYT, intensified research projects which allowed thereleasing of commercial hybrids and QPM corn varieties.However, joint to the characteristics of each one of the materials,it is convenient to analyze the economic implications of the useof these seeds, based on their conformation as simple hybrids, trilineal,varietals, open-pollinated varieties, because there is apotential problem of its productive capacity and quality ofprogeny lines; which makes it necessary to analyze the efficiencyof producing hybrid seeds. This work analyzes the impact of theproductivity of each progenitor on the cost of producing mexicanhybrids, based on the minimum productivity level. Also, anestimate is shown of the prices the farmers are willing to pay forthe improved seed of quality protein varieties.Para propiciar un uso extensivo de los maíces de calidadproteínica (QPM), esquemas como Kilo por Kilo demaíz, podrían ser una alternativa para apoyar su difusión. ElInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas yPecuarias (INIFAP) en coordinación con el CIMMYT, intensificó trabajos de investigación que permitieron la liberacióncomercial de híbridos y variedades de maíz QPM. Sin embargoaunado a las características de cada uno de los materiales,conviene analizar, las implicaciones económicas del uso de susemilla, es decir con base en su conformación como híbridossimples, trilineales, varietales y las variedades de polinizaciónlibre, ya que existe un problema potencial de la capacidad productivay calidad de las líneas progenitoras; lo que hace necesarioanalizar la eficiencia en la producción de semilla de loshíbridos. En este trabajo se analiza el impacto que tiene la productividadde cada progenitor en el costo de producción de hí-bridos mexicanos, con base en niveles mínimos de productividad.También, se estiman los precios que los agricultoresestarían dispuestos a pagar por semilla mejorada de variedadesde calidad proteínica