Solitary and cnoidal wave scattering by a submerged horizontal plate in shallow water

Solitary and cnoidal wave transformation over a submerged, fixed, horizontal rigid plate is studied by use of the nonlinear, shallow-water Level I Green-Naghdi (GN) equations. Reflection and transmission coefficients are defined for cnoidal and solitary waves to quantify the nonlinear wave scattering. Results of the GN equations are compared with the laboratory experiments and other theoretical solutions for linear and nonlinear waves in intermediate and deep waters. The GN equations are then used to study the nonlinear wave scattering by a plate in shallow water. It is shown that in deep and intermediate depths, the wave-scattering varies nonlinearly by both the wavelength over the plate length ratio, and the submergence depth. In shallow water, however, and for long-waves, only the submergence depth appear to play a significant role on wave scattering. It is possible to define the plate submergence depth and length such that certain wave conditions are optimized above, below, or downwave of the plate for different applications. A submerged plate in shallow water can be used as a means to attenuate energy, such as in wave breakers, or used for energy focusing, and in wave energy devices

Turner syndrome and associated problems in turkish children: A multicenter study

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population. Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014. Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosi) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%. Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespan. © Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

Longitudinal Auxological recovery in a cohort of children with Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia

Background: Hypoglycaemia due to hyperinsulinism (HI) is the commonest cause of severe, recurrent hypoglycaemia in childhood. Cohort outcomes of HI remain to be described and whilst previous follow up studies have focused on neurodevelopmental outcomes, there is no information available on feeding and auxology. Aim: We aimed to describe HI outcomes for auxology, medications, feeding and neurodevelopmental in a cohort up to age 5 years. Method: We reviewed medical records for all patients with confirmed HI over a three-year period in a single centre to derive a longitudinal dataset. Results: Seventy patients were recruited to the study. Mean weight at birth was - 1.0 standard deviation scores (SDS) for age and sex, while mean height at 3 months was - 1.5 SDS. Both weight and height trended to the population median over the follow up period. Feeding difficulties were noted in 17% of patients at 3 months and this reduced to 3% by 5 years. At age 5 years, 11 patients (15%) had neurodevelopmental delay and of these only one was severe. Resolution of disease was predicted by lower maximum early diazoxide dose (p = 0.007) and being born SGA (p = 0.009). Conclusion: In a three-year cohort of HI patients followed up for 5 years, in spite of feeding difficulties and carbohydrate loading in early life, auxology parameters are normal in follow up. A lower than expected rate of neurodevelopmental delay could be attributed to prompt early treatment.This article is freely available via Open Access. Click on the Publisher URL to access it via the publisher's site.The study was supported by the Northern Congenital Hyperinsulinism (NORCHI) charitable fund, by the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and by The University of Manchester MRC Confidence in Concept (CiC) Award (MC_PC_18056). KEC was funded by a Research Councils UK Academic Fellowship (https://www.ukri.org/). SEF has a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (105636/Z/14/Z).published version, accepted versio

Emotional design and human-robot interaction

Recent years have shown an increase in the importance of emotions applied to the Design field - Emotional Design. In this sense, the emotional design aims to elicit (e.g., pleasure) or prevent (e.g., displeasure) determined emotions, during human product interaction. That is, the emotional design regulates the emotional interaction between the individual and the product (e.g., robot). Robot design has been a growing area whereby robots are interacting directly with humans in which emotions are essential in the interaction. Therefore, this paper aims, through a non-systematic literature review, to explore the application of emotional design, particularly on Human-Robot Interaction. Robot design features (e.g., appearance, expressing emotions and spatial distance) that affect emotional design are introduced. The chapter ends with a discussion and a conclusion.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Systematic genetic testing for recessively inherited monogenic diabetes: a cross-sectional study in paediatric diabetes clinics

Data availability: The datasets supporting the current study have not been deposited in a public repository due to institutional ethics restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on request.This is the final version. Available from Springer via the DOI in this record. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Current clinical guidelines for childhood-onset monogenic diabetes outside infancy are mainly focused on identifying and testing for dominantly inherited, predominantly MODY genes. There are no systematic studies of the recessively inherited causes of monogenic diabetes that are likely to be more common in populations with high rates of consanguinity. We aimed to determine the contribution of recessive causes of monogenic diabetes in paediatric diabetes clinics and to identify clinical criteria by which to select individuals for recessive monogenic diabetes testing. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1093 children from seven paediatric diabetes clinics across Turkey (a population with high rates of consanguinity). We undertook genetic testing of 50 known dominant and recessive causes of monogenic diabetes for 236 children at low risk of type 1 diabetes. As a comparison, we used monogenic diabetes cases from UK paediatric diabetes clinics (a population with low rates of consanguinity). RESULTS: Thirty-four children in the Turkish cohort had monogenic diabetes, equating to a minimal prevalence of 3.1%, similar to that in the UK cohort (p = 0.40). Forty-one per cent (14/34) had autosomal recessive causes in contrast to 1.6% (2/122) in the UK monogenic diabetes cohort (p 10%) assisted the identification of the dominant (all p ≤ 0.0003) but not recessive cases (all p ≥ 0.2) in Turkey. The presence of certain non-autoimmune extra-pancreatic features greatly assisted the identification of recessive (p < 0.0001, OR 66.9) but not dominant cases. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Recessively inherited mutations are a common cause of monogenic diabetes in populations with high rates of consanguinity. Present MODY-focused genetic testing strategies do not identify affected individuals. To detect all cases of monogenic paediatric diabetes, it is crucial that recessive genes are included in genetic panels and that children are selected for testing if they have certain non-autoimmune extra-pancreatic features in addition to current criteria.Wellcome TrustRoyal SocietyNational Institute for Health Researc

Uniendo ingeniería y ecología: la protección costera basada en ecosistemas

En un contexto de crecientes impactos y riesgos socio-económicos en las costas del planeta, la protección costera basada en ecosistemas surge como un nuevo paradigma que une los principios de protección, sostenibilidad y resiliencia, a la vez que proporciona múltiples beneficios. Este artículo ofrece una perspectiva sobre qué son y cómo se pueden utilizar las defensas naturales en el diseño, planificación y gestión de costas. La política pública muestra un creciente interés por su implementación general y el cuerpo de conocimiento y experiencia alrededor de la también denominada infraestructura ?verde? es creciente, pero aún existen importantes barreras que salvar. Una de ellas es estandarizar su diseño en términos ingenieriles, así como reconocer los aspectos que los diferencian respecto a enfoques tradicionales. La adaptación climática y la reducción de riesgos son áreas en las que su utilización puede ser más significativa, debido a la variedad de servicios que ofrecen. Tanto desde el punto de vista técnico como económico, existen argumentos sólidos para evitar la degradación de los ecosistemas, avanzando su restauración y conservación, como también desde la perspectiva de la defensa de las costas.In a context of increasing socio-economic impacts and risks in the coastal areas of the planet, coastal protection based on ecosystem features becomes a new paradigm that combines the principles of conservation, sustainability and resilience, while providing multiple benefits. This paper provides a perspective on what these are and how they can be used in the design, planning and management of the coastal zones. Policy-makers are calling for further uptake and implementation across the board and the body of knowledge and experience around the socalled ?green? infrastructure is growing, but there are still major barriers for a widespread uptake. One of them is to standardize designs in engineering terms, recognizing the different characteristics compared to traditional engineering solutions. Climate adaptation and risk reduction are areas where its use may be more significant, for the variety of services they offer. Both technically and economically, there are strong arguments to prevent degradation of ecosystems and to advance in their restoration and conservation, as well as from a coastal defense perspective

A proposal for ''correction values'' for winter outdoor design temperatures

This study aims to find a correlation between winter outdoor design temperature (WDT) and mass of the building envelope. The daily variations of the inside surface temperatures and heat fluxes of the walls under various climatic conditions and different wall constructions have been calculated by a computer program based on the response factor technique, which uses variable outside air temperature and solar radiation and constant inside air temperature values as input climatic data. The analysis of the relation between mass of the walls and inside surface heat fluxes resulted with the correction values for winter design temperature (WDTCV) depending on the mass of the wall and on the direction of facades for different climatic zones. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Application of the Green-Naghdi Theory of Fluid Sheets to Shallow-Water Wave Problems; Report 1: Model Development

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/This report presents the mathematical formulation for the development of a numerical model that simulates wave transformation in shallow waters. The model is intended both for military and civil works projects involving propagation of time-dependent and nonlinear waves where existing models may either be inapplicable or use of simple analytic or numerical solutions is infeasible. The theory detailed in this report introduces a new-generation water wave model for shallow to moderate water depths where the seabed varies rapidly. The Green-Naghdi Level II theory, hereafter referred to simply as the GN theory, has been significantly modified in this research and a powerful, general-purpose numerical model, called GNWave, is developed for water wave problems. The theory and ensuing model incorporate some of the most important mathematical features of the water wave equations. These include non-approximating of the governing Euler's field equations and imposing the proper boundary conditions necessary for capturing the bulk physical characteristics of wave trains in the shallow-water regime. The GN approach, which is fundamentally different from the perturbation method based on developments in classical wave theory begun by Stokes and Boussinesq in the last century, can do this only because it does not introduce any simplifications of the velocity variation in the vertical direction across the fluid layers or sheets. In contrast to the Stokes and Boussinesq theories, the equations of motion in the GN theory are derived by enforcing exact kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions on the free surface and on the bottom, and by enforcing conservation of mass and of the 0th and 1st moments of momentum in the vertical direction. These conditions yield 11 coupled partial differential equations, which can be reduced to 3 complicated governing equations by elimination of many of the variables. In summary, the GN theory is different from the perturbation approach in that the free surface and bottom boundary conditions are met exactly, whereas the field equation is implicitly approximated. The result is a theory that can predict the shape and behavior of waves up to almost breaking conditions. The GN theory breaks down when the particle velocity at the crest equals the wave speed, the criterion for breaking in the exact theory. By developing the unrestricted Green-Naghdi theory of fluid sheets, this research presents a new wave theory consisting of a coupled, nonlinear set of partial differential equations and integrates these in time and space to simulate either regular or irregular real waves. The theory and model have been shown to reproduce with engineering accuracy the evolution of a wave of permanent form, from small amplitudes up to almost breaking conditions. The theory presented is for a nonlinear numerical wave tank in which the seabed topography profile can be arbitrary and very irregular, and up to 20 wave gages can be positioned at will inside the computational domain to obtain snapshots and profiles of wave records. The types of projects to which the theory can be applied are many, and include problems of both military and civil interest. The theory is purposely made to be versatile to permit decision makers, designers, and analysts to assess the various aspects of waves and wave-structure interaction problems arising in Army applications. One can evaluate, for instance, the effect of submerged obstacles during military landings on the train of waves approaching a beach or landing zone, or the reflection of waves and forces on sea walls or spillway hydraulic gates, and the time history of bottom-mounted pressure gage measurements for estimation of surface wave conditions in coastal design projects. The theory is particularly suited for the violent collision of waves with natural and man-made structures, and their impact on preventive and defensive hydraulic structures

User's Manual and Examples for GNWAVE

Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/This report describes the operation and use of a new numerical model, GNWave. This model was designed to simulate the evolution of a train of two-dimensional waves in waters of arbitrary bottom topography, varying from shallow water to waters of moderate depth. The program uses the Green-Naghdi theory of fluid sheets as its model, and integrates a set of coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations in time to perform the simulation of surface gravity waves. Report 1 in this series, entitled "Application of the Green-Naghdi theory of fluid sheets to shallow water wave problems," contains a detailed description of the mathematical basis of GNWave model. The model GNWave has been shown to reproduce with engineering accuracy the evolution of a wave of permanent form, from small amplitudes up to almost breaking conditions. The numerical model is portable with little or no changes to a wide variety of platforms, and has successfully been tested on high-end PC's and VAX and CRAY mainframe systems. The governing equations were programmed using Fortran as the language. The program consists of a main program and a number of modules to perform the calculations. A functional flow chart of individual routines involved in the computation is included herein. The main routine directs the sequence of the calculation, including the reading of the input and integration of the equations, and performs some post-processing. The main program is divided into two basic segments: an input portion where the specifications of the problem are read in and echoed to the computer screen, and an integration portion where the equations are integrated one time step at a time. Output is produced at pre-specified instants in the computation stages. The calculation involves four basic components: generation of waves at the ocean end of the wave tank, enforcement of an appropriate boundary condition at the shore end of the computational domain, solution of the two-point boundary value problem in space at a given instant in time, and integration of the equations in time. Each of these four components requires special techniques, which are discussed in this report to give the user an overview of the flow of information and a flavor for the computation that occurs during a simulation. To further assist the reader in understanding the implementation of the code, the algorithms used for wave generation, the treatment of beach-end boundary conditions, and the spatial and temporal integration of the governing equations are explained in the body of this report. Model input and output features are also presented, together with the procedure for using the program and the restart mode of operation of the model. Five example problems typically encountered in the military and civil works areas of the US Army Corps of Engineers are presented. These include collision of waves with a hydraulic spillway gate, waves transforming over an open-ended sloping beach, pseudo-spectral waves passing over a sand bar, random waves propagating through a dredged navigation channel, and regular waves shoaling on a landing beach of uniform slope. The first example problem tests the model's capability for a reflective boundary while the second problem checks the implementation of the transmissive or open type boundary condition. Simulation results for problems 3 and 4 are compared to illustrate the effects of a sand bar on the down-wave progressing in a channel. The last problem provides an opportunity to check the model simulation against physical model test data from a laboratory study conducted at the Danish Hydraulic Institute. The model has been shown to reproduce with engineering accuracy the evolution of regular and irregular wave trains up to the almost breaking condition