Arquitecturas transformadas: reutilización adaptativa de edificaciones en Lisboa 1980-2002. Los antiguos conventos.

El trabajo trata del [Re]uso Creativo de edificios existentes, de la continuidad de su uso con funciones diferentes a la función original para la que fueron creados.El objetivo principal es explicar el [Re]uso Creativo, una nueva metodología para crear un proyecto coherente y también contemporáneo, en estructuras existentes generalmente antiguas, que se han conservado hasta la actualidad pero ya no sirven a su función original, y que representan la identidad de una ciudad y a su sociedad. También se quiere demostrar la importancia de este tipo de proyectos en los procesos de Renovación Urbana y Social de las ciudades.Se insiste en la capacidad intrínseca de los edificios para adaptarse a nuevos usos y la importancia de los proyectos de este tipo en la estabilización de las estructuras urbanas, principalmente en las ciudades europeas, con un pasado antiguo y una riqueza edificada considerable. El cambio funcional de las arquitecturas, aún cuando se practica muchos siglos antes, es un factor decisivo en la identificación de la Arquitectura del siglo XX.Ejemplos importantes como la reutilización del Castelvecchio de Verona, o el Mercado de Covent Garden y el Museo Tate Modern en Londres, son sólo unos cuantos en un panorama muy amplio para estudiar el [Re]uso Creativo. El estudio comienza con un marco teórico histórico sobre la Conservación Arquitectónica, donde se explican las primeras incursiones del hombre en el mantenimiento de sus monumentos construidos y se aclaran las diversas modalidades de intervención que se han aplicado desde entonces. Se estudia la terminología para explicar y ampliar el concepto de [Re]uso Creativo, tomado del arquitecto inglés Derek Latham. Así, el [Re]uso Creativo es un proceso por el que edificios significativos y con capacidad para continuar a ser utilizados, son reparados y mejorados para darles un uso nuevo y diferente, manteniendo la esencia de la edificación, el carácter original de la estructura formal y física, pero admitiendo la adición parcial de intervenciones que reflejen un tiempo contemporáneo. Es más que una recuperación que mantiene los elementos originales, se trata de la introducción de nuevas funciones y nuevos lenguajes contemporáneos, sin poner en causa la "esencia" del edificio. Estas intervenciones deben tener atención a la dialéctica entre lo "nuevo" y lo "viejo", en su dimensión significativa, poética. Pues estos edificios mantienen su vitalidad a través de la memoria que evocan, de lo que representan para la ciudad y su habitantes. Se habla de un reciclaje de edificios, de una "ecología urbana", de proyectos con una Modernidad Específica.Luego se revisa la historia de la ciudad de Lisboa y sus conventos, elementos representativos de la ciudad, de su línea de horizonte y de su historia. El análisis se enfoca en 4 antiguos conventos lisboetas, que tienen ahora funciones diferentes: la Facultad de Bellas Artes en el Convento de S. Francisco, la Asamblea de la República en el Convento de S. Bento, el Museo de la Marioneta y habitación social en el Convento das Bernardas, y el Instituto Superior de Economía y Gestión en el Convento das Inglesinhas.La selección de estructuras conventuales quiere demostrar como edificios que han tenido la misma función original, se han adaptado bien a sus nuevas funciones, todas diferentes entre sí. Los conventos dejan de pertenecer a la Iglesia cuando el Estado laico promulgó la Ley de Separación de la Iglesia del Estado en 1911, pero muchos bienes fueron confiscados a partir de 1820 por el Marqués de Pombal. Por esta altura (siglo XIX), el convento de S. Francisco comenzó su transformación, lo mismo el convento de S. Bento.Las Bernardas y las Inglesinhas sólo se transformaron en el siglo XX. S. Francisco ha tenido varias funciones pero finalmente quedó como escuela de Bellas Artes, y podemos encontrar su "esencia". El más modificado en su apariencia exterior y configuración es S. Bento, ahora Asamblea de la República, quedando un claustro, el trazado del la iglesia y el refectorio. Aún así es un hito y un elemento importante de la identidad de la ciudad. Las Bernardas fue transformado como cine (la capilla) y cuartos de alquiler (las celdas); el Proyecto Integrado lo salvó de la ruina y le dio condiciones de habitabilidad acordes al tiempo contemporáneo. Las Inglesinhas fue el más dividido en cuanto a unidad edificada y el más agredido en su imagen. El proyecto de Gonçalo Byrne recuperó lo que resta de un claustro y un patio y rescata lo que tenía valor arquitectónico al tiempo que adicionó volúmenes y elementos con lenguaje contemporáneo, que mantiene un equilibrio y crean una nueva poética del espacio.Es bueno reciclar en arquitectura, los edificios son cosas vivas, y su vitalidad repercutirá en la continuidad de la vida urbana.This work is about the Creative [Re]use of existing buildings, the continuity of their use with functions different to the original one that they were created for.The main objective is to explain the Creative [Re]use, a new methodology to create a coherent and also contemporary project, in generally old existing structures, that have been conserved to the present time but no longer serve to their original function, and that represent the identity of a city and to their society. This work also wants to show the importance of this type of projects in the processes of Social and Urban Renewal of the cities.It insists on the intrinsic capacity of the buildings to be adapted to new uses and the importance of the projects of this type in the stabilization of the urban structures, mainly in the European cities, with an old past and a considerable built patrimony. The functional change of the architectures, still when is practiced many centuries before, is a decisive factor in the identification of the Architecture of the 20th century. Important examples as the reuse of the Castelvecchio of Verona, or the Covent Garden Market and the Tate Modern Museum in London, are only a few in a very extensive panorama to study the Creative [Re]use.The study begins with a historic and theoretical framework on the Architectural Conservation, to explain the first incursions of men in the maintenance of their built monuments and the diverse intervention modalities that have applied since then are clarified. The terminology is studied to explain and to expand the concept of Creative [Re]use, taken from the English architect Derek Latham. Thus, Creative [Re]use is a process where significant buildings and with capacity to continue to be used, are repaired and improved to give them a different and new use, maintaining the essence of the building, the original character of the physical and formal structure, but admitting an intervention and partial addition that reflects a contemporary time. It is more than a recovery that maintains the original elements; it is about the introduction of new functions and new contemporary languages, without putting in cause the "essence" of the building.These interventions should have attention to the dialectic among the "new" and the "old", in their significant dimension, poetics. Therefore these buildings maintain their vitality through the memory that evoke, through what they represent for the city and its inhabitants. It is about a recycling of buildings, of an "urban ecology", about projects with specific modernity.Then the history of the city of Lisbon is revised and so its convents, representative elements of the city, of its skyline and history. The analysis is focused in 4 old convents of Lisbon, that have now different functions: the Faculty of Fine Arts in the Convent of S.Francisco, the Assembly of the Republic in the Convent of S. Bento, the Museum of the Puppet and social housing in the Convent of the Bernardas, and the Superior Institute of Economy and Management in the Convent of the Inglesinhas. The selection of conventual structures wants to show them as buildings that have had the same original function, they have adapted well to their new functions, all different among itself. The convents stop belonging to the Church when the secular State promulgated the Law of Separation of the Church of the State in 1911, but the Marquis of Pombal confiscated many goods from 1820. By this time (19th century), the convent of S. Francisco began its transformation, and also the convent of S. Bento. The Bernardas and the Inglesinhas were only transformed in the 20th century.S. Francisco has had several functions but finally remained as school of Fine Arts, and we can find his "essence". S. Bento, now Assembly of the Republic, is the most modified, in its exterior appearance and configuration, remaining only a cloister, the layout of the church and the refectory. Even so it is a milestone and an important element of the identity of the city. The Bernardas was transformed as a cinema (the chapel) and rooms for rent (the cells); the Integrated Project saved it from the ruin and gave it conditions of habitability in accordance to contemporary time. The Inglesinhas was the most divided one, as much as to its built unit and the most attacked one in its image. The project of Gonçalo Byrne recovered what is left of a cloister and a patio and rescues what had architectural value while adding volumes and elements with contemporary language, which maintains equilibrium and that create a new poetics of the space.It is good to recycle in architecture, buildings are living things, and its vitality will result in the continuity of the urban life

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Investigación Arquitectónica - AR246 - 202102

Descripción: El curso de Investigación Arquitectónica conduce a la obtención del grado de Bachiller. Es la primera etapa del proceso de titulación profesional, que continua con el curso de Lineamientos para el Proyecto Profesional, sigue con el Taller X y termina con la sustentación del Proyecto de Tesis . La asignatura implementa ejercicios de indagación y procesamiento de información de situaciones reales y objetivas, que sirven de fundamento y soporte, para demostrar la pertinencia de un tema arquitectónico propuesto y su viabilidad. Propósito: Mediante la profundización del conocimiento de un tema elegido el estudiante será capaz de manejar técnicas e instrumentos de investigación para la búsqueda, identificación, selección, análisis, evaluación y uso de información en la construcción de: la justificación, la viabilidad, la articulación de un marco teórico, el análisis de proyectos referenciales, el protocolo teórico de diseño y la síntesis de conclusiones de su propuesta temática, para el Proyecto de Tesis. El curso contribuye directamente al desarrollo de las competencias generales Comunicación Escrita y Manejo de la Información, así como la competencia específica de Diseño Fundamentado (que comprende los criterios NAAB [PC2,PC3,PC8,SC3,PC5, SC5]; las tres a nivel 3 (avanzado). Tiene como requisito el curso TVII - Taller de Integración

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

International audienceAbstract Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations 1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories 7 , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees