EFFECT OF SALINITY ON VIRAL DISEASE SPREAD IN PLANTS

Salt stress is an important factor affecting the quality and quantity of crop yields. The total area of the world’s land exposed salinity increased to 15% in 2011 compared to 7% in 2001. In addition, crops are susceptible to disease, which strongly affects the yield. Thus, viral diseases reduce crop yield, sometimes up to 80-100%, for example Eggplant mottled crinkle virus (EMCV) can infect up to 100% yield of eggplant. Taken together, these two stress factors can cause enormous economic damage to agriculture. Despite of the importance, the effect of salinity on plant virus disease has not been well studied.In our study, we investigated the effect of high concentrations of salt (150mM NaCl) on the systemic viral disease caused by EMCV. The virus causes the systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Systemic accumulation of virus at high concentrations of NaCl was drastically reduced. In the plants exposed to salt stress (100mM and 150mM NaCl) for 21 days before infection systemic symptoms were significantly delayed. The relationship between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors may indicate the existence of universal defensive pathways of plant adaptation to unfavorable conditions

Community-level impacts of climate-smart agriculture interventions on food security and dietary diversity in climate-smart villages in Myanmar

Based on survey responses, the study examined how pathways of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices, tailored to different contexts of Myanmar’s four agroecological regions, contributed to observed changes in health and livelihoods. Livelihood resilience may rely on diversification, including climate smart fruit trees; livestock; and off‐farm incomes, as risk aversion strategies for the rural poor. Analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) findings indicate that current nutrition education interventions in Myanmar CSVs are inadequate, and will need further improvement for better health and nutrition outcomes.Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research Centers—Climate Change, Agriculture; Food Security Program (CGIAR‐CCAFS

Minimum guidelines for CSV implementation

Climate-smart village (CSV) has been demonstrated as a good model to practice climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices (CSA T&Ps) for enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change in rural areas worldwide. This material documents detailed stepwise guidelines for CSV implementation at village level from three CSVs that have been successfully established for three distinctive agroecologies of Yen Bai province. These CSVs were developed in three different projects, such as the CCAFS FP2.1 (2015-2018), VIBE 2018.05 (2019-2021), and NTM (2020) projects. The document will provide technical guidance for improving the implementation of Vietnam’s National Target Program on New Rural Development (NTM) in the 2021-2030 Strategy towards climate adaptation and resilience in vulnerable rural areas

Scaling the Climate-Smart Village model in national-level programs: The recommendations for adoption in the implementation of the Nông Thôn Mới (Vietnam’s National Target Program on New Rural Development) 2021-2030 Strategy

The New Rural Development Program or Nông Thôn Mới (NTM) is a national target program of Vietnam that has enabled 57% of rural communes to achieve the NTM status, which aims to raise the socio-economic standard of living of small communities while facilitating agricultural development. Agricultural development is threatened by the impacts of climate change, which carries high risk for an agriculture-dependent country like Vietnam. This Info Note discusses how the Climate-Smart Village (CSV) model can be applied in the NTM to help the communities under this program achieve “advanced” and “demonstration” status based on 19 criteria. Recommendations were listed on how to integrate the CSV model into the NTM

Role of ARABIDOPSIS A-FIFTEEN in regulating leaf senescence involves response to reactive oxygen species and is dependent on ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2

Leaf senescence is a highly regulated developmental process that is coordinated by several factors. Many senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have been identified, but their roles during senescence remain unclear. A sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) SAG, named SPA15, whose function was unknown, was identified previously. To understand the role of SPA15 in leaf senescence further, the orthologue of SPA15 in Arabidopsis thaliana was identified and characterized, and it was named ARABIDOPSIS A-FIFTEEN (AAF). AAF was expressed in early senescent leaves and in tissues with highly proliferative activities. AAF was localized to the chloroplasts by transient expression in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of AAF (AAF-OX) in Arabidopsis promoted, but the T-DNA insertion mutant (aaf-KO), delayed age-dependent leaf senescence. Furthermore, stress-induced leaf senescence caused by continuous darkness was enhanced in AAF-OX but suppressed in aaf-KO. Transcriptome analysis of expression profiles revealed up-regulated genes related to pathogen defence, senescence, and oxidative stress in 3-week-old AAF-OX plants. Indeed, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative and dark stress were apparent in AAF-OX but reduced in aaf-KO. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) was required for the dark- and ROS-induced senescence phenotypes in AAF-OX and the induction of AAF expression by treatment with the immediate precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The results indicate the functional role of AAF is an involvement in redox homeostasis to regulate leaf senescence mediated by age and stress factors during Arabidopsis development

Stress response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to environmental contamination with selected pharmaceuticals: A proteomic study

Pharmaceutical compounds have been found in rivers and treated wastewaters. They often contaminate irrigation waters and consequently accumulate in edible vegetables, causing changes in plants metabolism The main objective of this work is to understand how lettuce plants cope with the contamination from three selected pharmaceuticals using a label free proteomic analysis. A lettuce hydroponic culture, grown for 36 days, was exposed to metformin, acetaminophen and carbamazepine (at 1 mg/L), during 8 days, after which roots and leaves were sampled and analysed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics-based approach. In roots, a total of 612 proteins showed differentially accumulation while in leaves 237 proteins were identified with significant differences over controls. Carbamazepine was the contaminant that most affected protein abundance in roots, while in leaves the highest number of differentially accumulated proteins was observed for acetaminophen. In roots under carbamazepine, stress related protein species such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidases presented higher abundance. Ascorbate peroxidase increased in roots under metformin. Cell respiration protein species were affected by the presence of the three pharmaceuticals suggesting possible dysregulation of the Krebs cycle. Acetaminophen caused the main differences in respiration pathways, with more emphasis in leaves. Lettuce plants revealed different tolerance levels when contaminants were compared, being more tolerant to metformin presence and less tolerant to carbamazepineinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Impact of SO2 on Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome in wildtype and sulfite oxidase knockout plants analyzed by RNA deep sequencing

Hamisch D, Randewig D, Schliesky S, et al. Impact of SO2 on Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome in wildtype and sulfite oxidase knockout plants analyzed by RNA deep sequencing. New Phytologist. 2012;196(4):1074-1085.High concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as an air pollutant, and its derivative sulfite, cause abiotic stress that can lead to cell death. It is currently unknown to what extent plant fumigation triggers specific transcriptional responses. To address this question, and to test the hypothesis that sulfite oxidase (SO) is acting in SO2 detoxification, we compared Arabidopsis wildtype (WT) and SO knockout lines (SO-KO) facing the impact of 600 nl l (1) SO2, using RNAseq to quantify absolute transcript abundances. These transcriptome data were correlated to sulfur metabolism-related enzyme activities and metabolites obtained from identical samples in a previous study. SO-KO plants exhibited remarkable and broad regulative responses at the mRNA level, especially in transcripts related to sulfur metabolism enzymes, but also in those related to stress response and senescence. Focusing on SO regulation, no alterations were detectable in the WT, whereas in SO-KO plants we found up-regulation of two splice variants of the SO gene, although this gene is not functional in this line. Our data provide evidence for the highly specific coregulation between SO and sulfur-related enzymes like APS reductase, and suggest two novel candidates for involvement in SO2 detoxification: an apoplastic peroxidase, and defensins as putative cysteine mass storages

PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCESS ENSURING FINANCIAL STABILITY OF PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIAL COMPANY ON THE EXAMPLE OF ''SibEK'' LLC.

In times of crisis the great need is in financial and economic activities to prevent ingress of the enterprise in the ‘pit of the crisis.’ Part of this strategy is the analysis of financial and economic activity of the enterprise, allowing in a timely manner to monitor changes in its financial stability and, as a result, tocontrol processes of ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise. &nbsp

Some formulas for the Appell function F 1 (a, b, b′; c; w, z)

Some new relations for the Appell function F 1 (a, b, b′; c; w, z) are obtained including differentiation and integration formulas, integral representations, series and recurrence relations. Some integrals are given which can be expressed in terms of F 1 and confluent Appell functions (Humbert functions) Φ1, Φ2, Φ