Ecosystem respiration: Drivers of daily variability and background respiration in lakes around the globe

We assembled data from a global network of automated lake observatories to test hypotheses regarding the drivers of ecosystem metabolism. We estimated daily rates of respiration and gross primary production (GPP) for up to a full year in each lake, via maximum likelihood fits of a free‐water metabolism model to continuous high‐frequency measurements of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Uncertainties were determined by a bootstrap analysis, allowing lake‐days with poorly constrained rate estimates to be down‐weighted in subsequent analyses. GPP and respiration varied considerably among lakes and at seasonal and daily timescales. Mean annual GPP and respiration ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 mg O2 L−1 d−1 and were positively related to total phosphorus but not dissolved organic carbon concentration. Within lakes, significant day‐to‐day differences in respiration were common despite large uncertainties in estimated rates on some lake‐days. Daily variation in GPP explained 5% to 85% of the daily variation in respiration after temperature correction. Respiration was tightly coupled to GPP at a daily scale in oligotrophic and dystrophic lakes, and more weakly coupled in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Background respiration ranged from 0.017 to 2.1 mg O2 L−1 d−1 and was positively related to indicators of recalcitrant allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter loads, but was not clearly related to an indicator of the quality of allochthonous organic matter inputs

Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones

River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth's biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented "next-generation biomonitoring" by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.peerReviewe

Effects of diurnal vertical mixing and stratification on phytoplankton productivity in geothermal Lake Rotowhero, New Zealand

Mixing processes in lakes are key factors controlling light availability for phytoplankton growth, but understanding the contribution of mixing is often confounded by other factors such as nutrient availability and species dynamics. Our study examined this problem in a low pH, geothermally heated lake dominated by one phytoplankton genus and lacking the complexity of nutrient limitation, phytoplankton species interactions, or grazing pressure. We hypothesized that the continuous strong convectively driven circulation resulting from atmospheric instability and sediment heating would negate any tendency of thermal stratification, entraining phytoplankton and transporting them away from high surface irradiance that could induce photoinhibition. During our study, water temperatures were considerably warmer than air temperatures, with a diurnal maximum surface temperature of 37.5 °C and minimum of 35.5 °C. Surface heating induced stratification, with a temperature difference of 1–2 °C evident during the day, but there was sufficient heat loss and mixing during the night to erode the stratification and create isothermal conditions. The vertical entrainment velocity driven by convective circulation was on the order of 0.1 mm s−1 , but when there was strong solar heating, phytoplankton within the top 0.5 m of the water column still showed depressed photosynthetic quantum efficiencies, as determined with a Pulse Amplitude Modulated fluorometer (PHYTOPAM); however, this depression was less than for phytoplankton cells maintained throughout the day in surface waters with bottle incubations. At other times mixing generated by continuous heating and atmospheric instability meant that phytoplankton did not show photoinhibition; therefore, despite the geothermally driven mixing in Rotowhero, the intensity of solar radiation is still the key mechanism determining the stratification response and resultant photoinhibition of the phytoplankton. Lake Rotowhero provides an excellent natural laboratory to examine the relative time scales of mixing and phytoplankton photoinhibition responses because small changes in solar radiation have such marked impacts on the diurnal stratification and radiation experienced by cells located above the diurnal thermocline.Justin D. Brookes, Katherine R. O’Brien, Michele A. Burford, Denise A. Bruesewitz, Ben R. Hodges, Chris McBride, David P. Hamilto

Nanostrukturierte Duennschichtelektroden fuer Advanced Supercaps Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F04B1842 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Nanostrukturierte Duennschichtelektroden fuer Advanced Supercaps Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F04B1842 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Reservoir Fish Escapement in North America: A Historical Review and Future Directions

Downstream escapement of fishes from reservoirs via release structures can represent a loss to populations comparable to natural and harvest mortality. Consequently, quantifying and managing fish escapement is a critical component of sustainable reservoir fish management. We reviewed existing literature to assess the state of knowledge of reservoir fish escapement and found 57 unique papers published from 1942 through 2021. Early studies of escapement sought to evaluate escapement by directly capturing fish below release structures. More recently, advances in technology have enabled more detailed studies on factors influencing escapement and the influence it has on regulating reservoir fisheries. Evaluations have occurred throughout North America, assessing escapement of 49 species through a number of different outlet structures. Annual escapement estimates ranged from 0-100% and escapement tended to be higher from spillways and surface release outlets compared to other outlets. Further, smaller bodied individuals tended to escape at higher rates than larger fish and escapement was generally positively related to reservoir discharge metrics. Sixteen papers assessed benefits of physical and non-physical barriers for reducing reservoir fish escapement and determined barriers were effective for retaining fish in reservoirs. We conclude by describing management options to address escapement as well as three pressing research needs that will broaden the existing knowledge base regarding fish escapement. In light of predicted changes in precipitation events and subsequent adaptations to reservoir management, quantifying and mitigating fish escapement will be a critical component of sustainable reservoir fish management in the future.This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Lewis, Madeline C., W. Robert Cope, Thomas P. Miles, Claire Rude, Richard E. Bruesewitz, Benjamin J. Dodd, Mark K. Flammang et al. "Reservoir Fish Escapement in North America: A Historical Review and Future Directions." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/nafm.10790. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Copyright 2022 American Fisheries Society. Posted with permission