L’électorat écologiste : données de base

Age et diplômes L'électorat écologiste se distingue en premier lieu de l'électorat des autres formations politiques par deux caractéristiques : son âge moyen et son pourcentage de diplômés. La moyenne des électeurs écologistes se situe, d'après une enquête effectuée au lendemain de l'élection présidentielle de 1988 (2), à 36 ans, contre une moyenne d'échantillon de 45 ans ; les autres électorats ne diffèrent guère de cette moyenne (à l'exception de l'électorat de Pierre Juquin dont Tage moyen est également de 36 ans). 39% des électeurs écologistes ont atteint ou dépassé le niveau du baccalauréat (22% dans l'échantillon). Le pourcentage maximum de vote écologiste s'observe chez les électeurs ayant un baccalauréat général ou deux années d'étude supplémentaires. Dans ces groupes, on observe 8% de vote écologiste ; mais parmi ceux qui ont suivi un enseignement supérieur le pourcentage de vote écologiste est un peu inférieur (5%). Là encore, le seul électorat qui ressemble à celui de Waechter est celui de Juquin : le pourcentage d'intellectuels y est encore plus élevé puisque 53% d'entre eux ont un niveau scolaire égal ou supérieur au baccalauréat (...)

Comment devient-on un parti ?

IL EST COURANT de faire remonter l'émergence de l'écologie politique à la candidature de René Dumont à l'élection présidentielle de 1974*. C'est le premier candidat écologiste à l'échelon national, même si des candidats écologistes se présentent pour la première fois à des partielles, en 1973 en Alsace. Mais, les écologistes émergent véritablement au niveau national pour la première fois en 1974 avec un candidat soutenu non pas un parti mais par une espèce de comité de soutien très parisien, issu d'associations de militants. Et c'est la première fois qu'existe un vote écologiste national. On fait donc remonter là l'origine parce que c'est commode : c'est le premier point de la courbe (...)

Detection of changes in gene regulatory patterns, elicited by perturbations of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone complex, by visualizing multiple experiments with an animation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To make sense out of gene expression profiles, such analyses must be pushed beyond the mere listing of affected genes. For example, if a group of genes persistently display similar changes in expression levels under particular experimental conditions, and the proteins encoded by these genes interact and function in the same cellular compartments, this could be taken as very strong indicators for co-regulated protein complexes. One of the key requirements is having appropriate tools to detect such regulatory patterns.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have analyzed the global adaptations in gene expression patterns in the budding yeast when the Hsp90 molecular chaperone complex is perturbed either pharmacologically or genetically. We integrated these results with publicly accessible expression, protein-protein interaction and intracellular localization data. But most importantly, all experimental conditions were simultaneously and dynamically visualized with an animation. This critically facilitated the detection of patterns of gene expression changes that suggested underlying regulatory networks that a standard analysis by pairwise comparison and clustering could not have revealed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of the animation-assisted detection of changes in gene regulatory patterns make predictions about the potential roles of Hsp90 and its co-chaperone p23 in regulating whole sets of genes. The simultaneous dynamic visualization of microarray experiments, represented in networks built by integrating one's own experimental with publicly accessible data, represents a powerful discovery tool that allows the generation of new interpretations and hypotheses.</p

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Comment devient-on un parti ?

IL EST COURANT de faire remonter l'émergence de l'écologie politique à la candidature de René Dumont àl'élection présidentielle de 1974*. C'est le premier candidat écologiste à l'échelon national, même si des candidats écologistes se présentent pour la première fois à des partielles, en 1973 en Alsace. Mais, les écologistes émergent véritablement au niveau national pour la première fois en 1974 avec un candidat soutenu non pas un parti mais par une espèce de comité de soutien très parisien, issu d'associations de militants. Et c'est la première fois qu'existe un vote écologiste national. On fait donc remonter là l'origine parce que c'est commode : c'est le premier point de la courbe (...)

L’électorat écologiste : données de base

Age et diplômesL'électorat écologiste se distingue en premier lieu de l'électorat des autres formations politiques par deuxcaractéristiques : son âge moyen et son pourcentage de diplômés. La moyenne des électeurs écologistes se situe, d'après une enquête effectuée au lendemain de l'élection présidentielle de 1988 (2), à 36 ans, contre une moyenne d'échantillon de 45 ans ; les autres électorats ne diffèrent guère de cette moyenne (à l'exception de l'électorat de Pierre Juquin dont Tage moyen est également de 36 ans). 39% des électeurs écologistes ont atteint ou dépassé le niveau du baccalauréat (22% dans l'échantillon). Le pourcentage maximum de vote écologiste s'observe chez les électeurs ayant un baccalauréat général ou deux années d'étude supplémentaires. Dans ces groupes, on observe 8% de vote écologiste ; mais parmi ceux qui ont suivi un enseignement supérieur le pourcentage de vote écologiste est un peu inférieur (5%). Là encore, le seul électorat qui ressemble à celui de Waechter est celui de Juquin : le pourcentage d'intellectuels y est encore plus élevé puisque 53% d'entre eux ont un niveau scolaire égal ou supérieur au baccalauréat (...)

Isolation, NMR Characterization, and Bioactivity of a Flavonoid Triglycoside from <i>Anthyllis henoniana</i> Stems: Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells

Plant extracts are considered as a large source of active biomolecules, especially in phytosanitary and pharmacological fields. Anthyllis henoniana is a woody Saharan plant located in the big desert of North Africa. Our previous research paper proved the richness of the methanol extract obtained from the stems in flavonoids and phenolic compounds as well as its remarkable antioxidant activity. In this research, we started by investigating the phytochemical composition of the methanol extract using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Among the 41 compounds identified, we isolated and characterized (structurally and functionally) the most abundant product, a flavonoid triglycoside (AA770) not previously described in this species. This compound, which presents no cytotoxic activity, exhibits an interesting cellular antioxidant effect by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and an antiproliferative action on breast cancer cells. This study provides a preliminary investigation into the pharmacological potential of the natural compound AA770, isolated and identified from Anthyllis henoniana for the first time

Interdependence of the Ypt/RabGAP Gyp5p and Gyl1p for Recruitment to the Sites of Polarized Growth

Gyp5p and Gyl1p are two members of the Ypt/Rab guanosine triphosphatases-activating proteins involved in the control of polarized exocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We had previously shown that Gyp5p and Gyl1p colocalize at the sites of polarized growth and belong to the same complex in subcellular fractions enriched in plasma membrane or secretory vesicles. Here, we investigate the interaction between Gyp5p and Gyl1p as well as the mechanism of their localization to the sites of polarized growth. We show that purified recombinant Gyp5p and Gyl1p interact directly in vitro. In vivo, both Gyp5p and Gyl1p are mutually required to concentrate at the sites of polarized growth. Moreover, the localization of Gyp5p and Gyl1p to the sites of polarized growth requires the formins Bni1p and Bnr1p and depends on actin cables. We show that, in a sec6-4 mutant, blocking secretion leads to coaccumulation of Gyp5p and Gyl1p, together with Sec4p. Electron microscopy experiments demonstrate that Gyp5p is associated with secretory vesicles. Altogether, our results indicate that both Gyp5p and Gyl1p access the sites of polarized growth by transport on secretory vesicles. Two polarisome components, Spa2p and Bud6p, are involved in maintaining Gyp5p and Gyl1p colocalized at the sites of polarized growth