The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission

86 pags., 49 figs., 24 tabs.NASA’s Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the projects No. ESP2014-54256-C4-1-R (also -2-R, -3-R and -4-R) and AYA2015-65041-P; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, projects No. ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R (also -2-R and -3-R), ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, RTI2018-098728-B-C31 (also -C32 and -C33) and RTI2018-099825-B-C31; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial; Ministry of Science and Innovation’s Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19; and European Research Council Consolidator Grant no 818602. The US co-authors performed their work under sponsorship from NASA’s Mars 2020 project, from the Game Changing Development program within the Space Technology Mission Directorate and from the Human Exploration and Operations Directorate

Guidelines for the management of pregnancy in women with cystic fibrosis

Women with cystic fibrosis (CF) now regularly survive into their reproductive years in good health and wish to have a baby. Many pregnancies have been reported in the literature and it is clear that whilst the outcome for the baby is generally good and some mothers do very well, others find either their CF complicates the pregnancy or is adversely affected by the pregnancy. For some, pregnancy may only become possible after transplantation. Optimal treatment of all aspects of CF needs to be maintained from the preconceptual period until after the baby is born. Clinicians must be prepared to modify their treatment to accommodate the changing physiology during pregnancy and to be aware of changing prescribing before conception, during pregnancy, after birth and during breast feeding. This supplement offers consensus guidelines based on review of the literature and experience of paediatricians, adult and transplant physicians, and nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, pharmacists and psychologists experienced in CF and anaesthetist and obstetricians with experience of CF pregnancy. It is hoped they will provide practical guidelines helpful to the multidisciplinary CF teams caring for pregnant women with CF

Genome-wide meta-analysis for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers

Altres ajuts: European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB; EU Joint Programme, Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND); Neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Alzheimer Nederland; Stichting VUmc fonds; Stichting Dioraphte; JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW projectnumber 733051061); Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers; Dutch Government (from 2007-2011); JPND EADB grant (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) grant: 01ED1619A); German Research Foundation (DFG RA 1971/6-1, RA1971/7-1, RA 1971/8-1); Grifols SA; Fundación bancaria 'La Caixa'; Fundació ACE; CIBERNED; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-'Una manera de hacer Europa'); NIH (P30AG066444, P01AG003991); Alzheimer Research Foundation (SAO-FRA), The Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), and the University of Antwerp Research Fund. FK is supported by a BOF DOCPRO fellowship of the University of Antwerp Research Fund; Siemens Healthineers; Valdecilla Biobank (PT17/0015/0019); Academy of Finland (338182); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01G10102, 01GI0420, 01GI0422, 01GI0423, 01GI0429, 01GI0431, 01GI0433, 04GI0434, 01GI0711); ZonMW (#73305095007); Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance #LSHM20106); Hersenstichting; Edwin Bouw Fonds; Gieskes-Strijbisfonds; NWO Gravitation program BRAINSCAPES: A Roadmap from Neurogenetics to Neurobiology (NWO: 024.004.012); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (AF-939988, AF-930582, AF-646061, AF-741361); Dementia Foundation (2020-04-13, 2021-04-17); Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALF 716681); Swedish Research Council (11267, 825-2012-5041, 2013-8717, 2015-02830, 2017-00639, 2019-01096); Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2001-2646, 2001-2835, 2001-2849, 2003-0234, 2004-0150, 2005-0762, 2006-0020, 2008-1229, 2008-1210, 2012-1138, 2004-0145, 2006-0596, 2008-1111, 2010-0870, 2013-1202, 2013-2300, 2013-2496); Swedish Brain Power, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (FO2016-0214, FO2018-0214, FO2019-0163); Alzheimer's Association Zenith Award (ZEN-01-3151); Alzheimer's Association Stephanie B. Overstreet Scholars (IIRG-00-2159); Alzheimer's Association (IIRG-03-6168, IIRG-09-131338); Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation; Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement (ALFGBG-81392, ALFGBG-771071); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (AF-842471, AF-737641, AF-939825); Swedish Research Council (2019-02075); Swedish Research Council (2016-01590); BRAINSCAPES: A Roadmap from Neurogenetics to Neurobiology (024.004.012); Swedish Research Council (2018-02532); Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (ALFGBG-720931); Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (201809-2016862); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL; Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915); Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615); Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881); Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243); Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986); National Institute of Health (NIH), USA, (#1R01AG068398-01); Alzheimer's Association 2021 Zenith Award (ZEN-21-848495); National Institutes of Health (R01AG044546, R01AG064877, RF1AG053303, R01AG058501, U01AG058922, RF1AG058501, R01AG064614); Chuck Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI).Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect core features of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) more directly than clinical diagnosis. Initiated by the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), the largest collaborative effort on genetics underlying CSF biomarkers was established, including 31 cohorts with a total of 13,116 individuals (discovery n = 8074; replication n = 5042 individuals). Besides the APOE locus, novel associations with two other well-established AD risk loci were observed; CR1 was shown a locus for Aβ42 and BIN1 for pTau. GMNC and C16orf95 were further identified as loci for pTau, of which the latter is novel. Clustering methods exploring the influence of all known AD risk loci on the CSF protein levels, revealed 4 biological categories suggesting multiple Aβ42 and pTau related biological pathways involved in the etiology of AD. In functional follow-up analyses, GMNC and C16orf95 both associated with lateral ventricular volume, implying an overlap in genetic etiology for tau levels and brain ventricular volume

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

The polarized image of a synchrotron-emitting ring of gas orbiting a black hole

High Energy Astrophysic

Constraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87*

InstrumentationHigh Energy Astrophysic

The variability of the black hole image in M87 at the dynamical timescale

The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of ∼3°–5°. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (∼90°–180°) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u–v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e/pdfPublished versio