“Racial Repercussions of The British Imperial Curriculum:” Misperceptions of the Natives in George Orwell’s Burmese Days

This study explores how English writers falsely portray the indigenous people of the British colonies in novels. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, in particular, authors of Imperialist fiction often misrepresent natives in the British colonies as deviant, detestable, deplorable beings that lack moral compasses. By researching the fields of literature, history, education, and cultural studies, I will examine how George Orwell’s novel Burmese Days distorts descriptions of the Burmese people. Previous studies on Burmese Days focus mainly on misrepresentations of the Burmese as a homogenous race; however, my research will encompass how literary distortions target multiple ethnic Burmese tribes and how the British imperial curriculum further perpetuates prejudice against the Burmese in colleges and universities throughout the British Empire. Through inaccurate teachings, college English professors and secondary school professors propagate the notion that European races are superior to the indigenous people of Burma. I will focus primarily on British imperialism, the imperial curriculum, and postcolonial studies to substantiate how Orwell’s novel had and continues to have a profound influence on how readers view the Burmese. I argue that the pedagogy of all literature is scrutinized through multiple fields of study to uncover any altered or invented versions of history about non-European people and their culture. Educators who teach Burmese Days must present students with material from other disciplines to give readers the information they need to comprehend the Burmese and their culture better and to reduce the continual perpetuation of racism in education

微細規模の時空間における植物プランクトンの分布

東京海洋大学博士学位論文 2019年度 応用環境システム学 課程博士 甲第533号指導教員: 田中祐志東京海洋大学201

PhD

thesis1. Total body x-irradiation of mice in doses of 300, 400, or 500 r does not affect the phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells of spleen of intravenously injected ThO2 when determined 2 day following x-irradiation. Similar studies carried out on the seventh post-irradiation day revealed (1) that 300 r of whole body x-irradiation had no influence on the 2, 6, and 24 hr splenic uptake values; (2) that 400 r of whole body x-irradiation caused a transient depression of splenic uptake of ThO2 at 2 hours but 6 and 24 hours values were not different from the controls and (3) that 500 r of whole body x-radiation significantly depressed the uptake by the spleen of ThO2 at 2, 6, and 24 hours after injection when compared to the controls. These observations indicated that the effect of x-irradiation on phagocytosis by reticulo-endothelial cells is a function of x-irradiation dose and the post-irradiation period of observation that phagocyte function was measured. 2. A dose of 550 r (LD50) significantly depressed the phagocytosis of ThO2 by reticulo-endothelial cells of spleen in adult, LAf1 mice where as a comparatively high dose, 500 r (LD99) is required to suppress the phagocytic function in adult albino mice. 3. Chronic exposure of mice to x-irradiation in dose of 25 r at intervals of 2 days, until accumulated doses reached as high as 600 to 825 r, failed to yield alterations in the phagocytic activity of reticulo-endothelial cells or the cytopeptic activity of peritoneal phagocytes. It is possible that the resultant injury following successive exposures to ionizing radiation is a function of the intensity of the radiation dose, the interval between the previous and the following dose, and the duration of such treatment. 4. X-irradiation is doses of 350 or 450 r in mice significantly depressed the intracellular digestion of chicken erythrocytes by peritoneal phagocytes when studied on the sixth post-irradiation day. Similar observations were obtained when rabbits were exposed to 600 r of x-irradiation and cytopeptic activity was determined on the seventh post-irradiation day. 5. Immunization with chicken erythrocytes caused an increase in the digestion of these cells by the phagocytes of mice and rabbits. This immunization induced increase in digestion was completely reversed by x-irradiation although x-irradiation did not appreciably alter the hemolysin titers of the immunized animals. 6. In vitro experiments concerning phagocyte digestive activity carried out in the presence of serum from immunized and immunized-irradiated rabbits showed no difference in digestive activity. Furthermore the finding that the phagocytes from immunized-irradiated animals did not digest chicken erythrocytes any more efficiently than phagocytes from non-immunized x-irradiated mice even though the hemolysins titers were comparable in the immunized and immunized-irradiated animals suggest that the salutary effect of immunization and the detrimental effect of x-irradiation on phagocytes themselves and not dependent on antibody which appeared following immunization. 7. Piromen, a polysaccharide extracted from Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, in doses of 1 ug per injection given subcutaneously in mice twice daily for 3, 5 or 7 days, significantly increased the cytopeptic activity of peritoneal phagocytes in mice. Similar treatment employing a dose of 0.1 ug also increased the cytopeptic activity when animals were treated for 5 or 7 days but no increase in intracellular digestion was noted when treatment was carried out for only 3 days. 8. Studies made of the resistance of normal mice injected intraperitoneally with phagocytes from mice immunized with K. pneumoniae vaccine to an intraperitoneal challenge with the homologous organism indicated that, although there is no significant difference in their overall mortalities, mice treated with leucocytes from immunized mice had a mean survival time slightly longer than the normal mice

Uma análise das práticas de gestão de Recursos Humanos no sector da saúde na Tailândia: o estudo de caso dos hospitais públicos e privados na Tailândia

Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosThailand, full meaning symbolize “land of the free” is the distinction of being the only country in South East Asia never to have been colonized. The country is the democratic country with constitutional monarchy, having the King as a head of the state. Country in closed relationship with U.S since late 1940s, the western exposure on education and some management practices including human resource practices have been implemented in organizations in Thailand. The health care sector has been operating as a key player with highest manpower compare to other sectors in Thailand thus, the challenges are numerous in relate to human resource management. The study of human resource practices in health care sector is intriguing because, the traditional employment management systems of Thai firms are implementing modernised methods, which many of them are imported from the West. Furthermore, Thai culture, influenced both from East and South Asia, substantially influence on HR practices. Based on Thailand’s historical background, Buddhism and culture values, this study aims to examine the human resource practices in selected public hospitals and private hospitals in Thailand in order to compare and contrast the findings of those HR managements. The research was done by using the qualitative method. To figure out the social culture influence at working place, the opinions were gathered during semi-structured interviews and conversations with medical doctors, professional nurses, personnel officers and HR specialists, and other staffs in these sampled hospitals. Thailand’s Office of Civil Service Commission (OCSC) and Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) were requested and best co-operated to provide their profiles (Civil Service Act and annual report) for the analysis regarding HR policy. In the final part, interviews and discussions were conducted with key personnel in three public hospitals and two private hospitals. Particularly, the administrative structure of selected public hospitals is divided into three levels: central administration, local administration and provincial administration. The study shows that the underlying Thai values and social cultures such as: patron-client relationship, seniority system, to act with compassion (kreng jai), face-saving, and being grateful (katanyu-katawethi) have much influence on HR practices either in the public hospitals or private hospitals. The seniority concept, derived from Confucius culture, has great influence yet in mutual relationships and also in the operation of the organizations. Therefore, the Thai traditional values have impact on the human resource practices on staff’s performance appraisal and career development.Tailândia, cujo significado simbolizam a "terra dos livres", tem a distinção de ser o único país do Sudeste Asiático que nunca foi colonizado. É um país democrático com monarquia constitucional, tendo o Rei como chefe de Estado. Tem uma relação próxima com os Estados Unidos da América desde finais dos anos 1940, o que lhe proporciona uma exposição ocidental sobre as práticas educacionais e de gestão, incluindo a gestão de recursos humanos nas organizações na Tailândia. O sector da saúde opera como um fator-chave devido ao seu elevado número de trabalhadores comparativamente a outros sectores na Tailândia assim, os desafios da gestão de recursos humanos são inúmeros. O estudo das práticas de gestão de recursos humanos no sector dos cuidados de saúde é intrigante porque os sistemas de gestão de emprego tradicionais das empresas tailandesas estão implementando métodos modernizados, muitos deles importados do Ocidente. Além disso, a cultura tailandesa, influenciada tanto do Oriente como do Sul da Ásia, influencia substancialmente as práticas de RH. Baseado no passado histórico tailandês, bem como no Budismo e cultura da Tailândia, este estudo pretende analisar as práticas de recursos humanos em determinados hospitais públicos e privados na Tailândia, para comparar e contrastar os resultados da gestão de RH destes. A pesquisa foi efetuada utilizando o método qualitativo. Para descobrir a influência da cultura social no local de trabalho, as opiniões foram recolhidas através de entrevistas semiestruturados e conversas com os médicos, enfermeiros, pessoal de recursos humanos e outras equipas de funcionários dos hospitais incluídos na amostra. Ministério da Saúde Pública (MoPH) e Departamento da Comissão de Serviço Civil (OCSC) também foram solicitados a fornecer os seus relatórios (lei do serviço civil e relatório anual) para apoio na análise sobre a política de recursos humanos. Finalmente, foram realizadas entrevistas e efetuados debates com pessoas posicionadas em locais estratégicos de três hospitais públicos e dois hospitais privados. Os hospitais públicos selecionados estão sob diferentes estruturas administrativas: central, regional e local. O estudo mostra que as normas subjacentes tailandês e valores tais como: relação de patrão-cliente, sistema de antiguidade, ser atencioso (kreng jai), consideração e ser grato (katanyu-katawethi), têm muita influência sobre as práticas de recursos humanos, quer nos hospitais públicos, quer nos hospitais privados. O conceito de antiguidade, derivado da cultura de Confucius, tem também muita influência não só nas relações mútuas, mas também no funcionamento da organização. Portanto, os valores tradicionais tailandeses têm impacto tanto nas práticas de recursos humanos como na avaliação do desempenho do pessoal e no desenvolvimento da carreira

Ergonomics /human factors education in United Kingdom

This paper presents a summary of the Ergonomics and Human Factors (EHF) professional accreditation process in the UK. EHF education can be accredited by the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (CIEHF) as qualifying courses and as short (training) courses. A framework is used as professional competencies (5 units) with expected levels of proficiency to support career development through membership grades (student, graduate, registered, fellow). An example of education is given with the 5 postgraduate programmes (MSc, Postgraduate Diploma, Postgraduate Certificate) at Loughborough University: Ergonomics and Human Factors, Human Factors in Transport. Human Factors for Inclusive Design, Ergonomics in Health and Community Care, and Human Factors and Ergonomics for Patient Safety. Finally, an opportunity is offered to explore competency with an affiliate discipline (Unser Experience) in the context of usability testing for medical devices

An approach to vehicle design: in-depth audit to understand the needs of older drivers

The population of older people continues to increase around the world, and this trend is expected to continue; the population of older drivers is increasing accordingly. January 2012 figures from the DVLA in the UK stated that there were more than 15 million drivers aged over 60; more than 1 million drivers were aged over 80. There is a need for specific research tools to understand and capture how all users interact with features in the vehicle cabin e.g. controls and tasks, including the specific needs of the increasingly older driving population. This paper describes an in-depth audit that was conducted to understand how design of the vehicle cabin impacts on comfort, posture, usability, health and wellbeing in older drivers. The sample involved 47 drivers (38% female, 62% male). The age distribution was: 50–64 (n = 12), 65–79 (n = 20), and those 80 and over (n = 15). The methodology included tools to capture user experience in the vehicle cabin and functional performance tests relevant to specific driving tasks. It is shown that drivers' physical capabilities reduce with age and that there are associated difficulties in setting up an optimal driving position such that some controls cannot be operated as intended, and many adapt their driving cabins. The cabin set-up process consistently began with setting up the seat and finished with operation of the seat belt

The prevalence of musculoskeletal troubles among car drivers

In order to explore the relationship between car driving and musculoskeletal troubles, a cross-sectional structured-interview survey of low to high mileage drivers (including individuals who drove as part of their job) was conducted based on the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The results clearly showed that exposure to car driving was associated with reported sickness absence due to low back trouble and that those who drive as part of their job appear to be more at risk from low back trouble than those whose jobs primarily involve sitting (not driving) and standing activities. The frequency of reported discomfort also increased with higher annual mileage. In addition, drivers of cars with more adjustable driving packages had fewer reported musculoskeletal troubles. This identifies an urgent need for the training of managers of fleet vehicles in the importance of developing measures to reduce this problem. For example, the selection of an individual's car with respect to comfort and postural criteria

Towards the integrated measurement of hand and object interaction

This paper describes the first stages towards an integrated package of quantitative methods for the measurement of hand-object interaction. To date, quantitative data concerning a product's ease of use has not been adequately defined to assist product developers and legislators in their evaluation. A better understanding is needed of the complex interaction between the hand and an object during task performance A model of the physical interaction between hand and object is described that emphasises the role of the biomaterials of the hand rather than focusing on the conscious implementation of muscle involvement. The model subdivides hand-object interaction during grip into three levels: Gross interaction where the skeletal structure and muscles influence the grip pattern providing a mechanical structure to clamp the object; Intermediate interaction, where the soft tissues of the palm of the hand provide a mechanical interlock with the surface features of an object; and Micro interaction, which involves adhesion between the sebum, epidermis and surface material of the object. This model of hand-object interaction provides a contextual framework for the measurement of levels of hand-object interaction. A battery of methods, which includes consideration of anthropometry, joint range of movement, grip strength, finger compliance, finger friction and the measurement of dynamic task performance, is described. A case study is used to illustrate the potential application of such data for the design/redesign of a product

Muscles do more positive than negative work in human locomotion

Muscle work during level walking and ascent and descent ramp and stairway walking was assessed in order to explore the proposition that muscles perform more positive than negative work during these locomotion tasks. Thirty four healthy human adults were tested while maintaining a constant average walking velocity in the five gait conditions. Ground reaction force and sagittal plane kinematic data were obtained during the stance phases of these gaits and used in inverse dynamic analyses to calculate joint torques and powers at the hip, knee and ankle. Muscle work was derived as the area under the joint power vs time curves and was partitioned into positive, negative and net components. Dependent t-tests were used to compare positive and negative work in level walking and net joint work between ascent and descent gaits on the ramp and stairs (P<0.010). Total negative and positive work in level walking was -34 J and 50 J, respectively, with the difference in magnitude being statistically significant (P<0.001). Level walking was therefore performed with 16 J of net positive muscle work per step. The magnitude of the net work in ramp ascent was 25% greater than the magnitude of net work in ramp descent (89 vs -71 J m-1, P<0.010). Similarly, the magnitude of the net work in stair ascent was 43% greater than the magnitude of net work in stair descent (107 vs -75 J step-1, P<0.000). We identified three potential causes for the reduced negative vs positive work in these locomotion tasks: (1) the larger magnitude of the accelerations induced by the larger ground reaction forces in descending compared to ascending gaits elicited greater energy dissipation in non-muscular tissues, (2) the ground reaction force vector was directed closer to the joint centers in ramp and stair descent compared to ascent, which reduced the load on the muscular tissues and their energy dissipating response, and (3) despite the need to produce negative muscle work in descending gaits, both ramp and stair descent also had positive muscle work to propel the lower extremity upward and forward into the swing phase movement trajectory. We used these data to formulate two novel hypotheses about human locomotion. First, level walking requires muscles to generate a net positive amount of work per gait cycle to overcome energy losses by other tissues. Second, skeletal muscles generate more mechanical energy in gait tasks that raise the center of mass compared to the mechanical energy they dissipate in gait tasks that lower the center of mass, despite equivalent changes in total mechanical energy. Originally Published Journal of Experimental Biology October, 2008 210(19)

The specification of personalised footwear for rapid manufacturing: a pilot study

Although rapid manufacturing has potential in producing personalised footwear, it is not known how best to measure feet in this context nor even whether a personalised shoe can positively affect comfort, performance and prevent risk from injury. A pilot study was conducted to define anthropometric measurement techniques for specifying personalised footwear and evaluate the most effective methods of measuring discomfort, performance and injury risk. Recreational runners were recruited and had anthropometric measurements taken as well as the plantar surface of both feet scanned. Participants then were fitted with footwear under two experimental conditions: control and personalised insole. The footwear were compared in terms of discomfort ratings, performance and injury risks. Metatarsophalangeal joint height and hallux height showed positive correlations (p< 0.05) with discomfort scores in the forefoot, whereas relative arch deformation showed significant positive correlations (p<0.05) with discomfort scores in the midfoot and arch areas. No significant differences were found between the two conditions for discomfort scores and performance. With regard to injury risks, significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the two conditions for midfoot peak plantar pressure. The results suggest that producing personalised insoles from scan data and the rapid manufacturing process is feasibl