Impacto ambiental del transporte en la construcción de vivienda de interes social en México durante el 2000 y 2012

La construcción masiva de vivienda de interés social en México durante el 2000-2012, demando constantes viajes de traslado por la población, su localización relativa ha fomentado mayor demanda de energía y de combustibles por el número de viajes origen destino. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el impacto ambiental desde el cálculo de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), que género el transporte por la construcción masiva de vivienda de interés social en la periferia de las ciudades mexicanas, durante el 2000 – 2012. La metodología empleada fue el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), está herramienta permite estimar los aspectos asociados a un proceso o servicio. Para determinar el impacto ambiental, se llevó a cabo la compilación de un Inventario Ciclo de Vida, esté permitió cuantificar las emisiones de GEI y los impactos asociados. Las emisiones de GEI fueron aproximadamente de 417.173.41 Gg de CO2 eq, esto represento 20% aproximadamente de las emisiones de transporte para el mismo periodo.The massive construction of social interest housing in Mexico during 2000-2012, demanded constant trips of the population, its relative location has fostered greater demand for energy and fuel by the number of trips source destination. The objective of this research is to assess the environmental impact from the calculation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that gender transport the massive construction of social interest housing on the outskirts of Mexican cities, during 2000 to 2012. The methodology used was the life-cycle assessment (LCA), this tool allows to estimate the aspects associated with a process or service. To determine the environmental impact was conducted compiling a Life Cycle Inventory, it is allowed to quantify GHG emissions and associated impacts. GHG emissions were approximately 417.173.41 Gg of CO2 eq, that represent about 20% of transport emissions for the same period

Life cycle analysis and economic evaluation of cement and concrete mixes with rice husk ash: application to the Colombian context

Rice husk residues are generated within the rice industry. In this research, the environmental impact of the use of rice husk ash is evaluated as a replacement for cement in the production of concrete in the city of Ibagué (Colombia). The environmental criteria of cement and concrete production alternatives were evaluated through life cycle analysis methodology, using SimaPro 9.3.3 software and the Recipe 2016 Midpoint (H) evaluation method. The economic cost of each of these production alternatives was included. To carry out the study, surveys and interviews had to be undertaken with rice-producing plants, aggregates, cement and concrete plants in Tolima. It was corroborated that rice husk ash (RHA) generated during the rice husk (RH) gasification process for electricity and heat production was beneficial from an environmental and economic perspective when it was used in cement and concrete in the city of Ibague (Colombia)

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Indicadores de sostenibilidad social y su relación con el concepto de capital social

When conducting a review of the state of the art in the field of social sustainability, two particular situations become evident: the first is that the social dimension of sustainability has been gaining importance in development theories and policies worldwide. The second is that, despite the above, the social dimension of sustainability is the least studied and the most difficult to measure due to the nature and complexity of its indicators. This article proposes a reflection on these measurement mechanisms, in order to determine which indicators of the social capital concept are useful for understanding and measuring social sustainability. To this end, a review of the literature is made, comparing indicator systems applied to both concepts. Given the complexity of these indicators, the scope of this study is outlined as a series of conclusions derived from the reflection on the complementarity, differences and relationships between the measurement systems analyzed, which is potentially useful in the elaboration of concrete indicators in subsequent studies.Al hacer una revisión del estado del arte sobre el ámbito de la sostenibilidad social, se evidencian dos situaciones particulares: la primera es que la dimensión social de la sostenibilidad ha ido ganando importancia en las teorías y las políticas de desarrollo a escala mundial. La segunda es que, a pesar de lo anterior, la dimensión social de la sostenibilidad es la menos estudiada y la más difícil de medir, debido a la naturaleza y la complejidad de sus indicadores. El presente artículo propone una reflexión sobre estos mecanismos de medición, a fin de determinar qué indicadores del concepto capital social resultan de utilidad para la comprensión y la medición de la sostenibilidad social. Para ello se hace una revisión de la literatura que compara sistemas de indicadores aplicados en ambos conceptos. Dada la complejidad de dichos indicadores, el alcance del presente estudio se perfila como una serie de conclusiones derivadas de la reflexión sobre la complementariedad, las diferencias y las relaciones entre los sistemas de medición analizados, lo que resulta de potencial utilidad en la elaboración de indicadores concretos en estudios posteriores

La gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en Villavicencio: estado actual, barreras e instrumentos de gestión

Abstract Although in Colombia there have been advances in the management of waste from construction activities, in cities such as Villavicencio, there are no in-depth studies about their generation and management. Therefore, the objective of this article is to identify the current state, barriers and instruments that could help improve the management of construction and demolition waste in this city. To carry out the study the observation and analysis method, and the type of descriptive study, was used. In order to obtain the information, it was necessary to make visits and surveys to construction companies. Subsequently the information collected was examined through the multi-attribute analysis and the statistical software SSPS. As result it go that the excavation lands and the concrete are the most generated waste in the construction activities. As measure to reduce waste and improve its management, companies gave greater importance to the prevention stage. The lack of environmental awareness and control in compliance with the legislation were the main barriers detected. Tax incentives were considered as relevant instruments for management.Resumo Embora na Colômbia tenha havido avanços em relação à gestão de resíduos das atividades de construção, em cidades como Villavicencio, não há estudos aprofundados sobre sua geração e gestão. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é identificar o estado atual, barreiras e instrumentos que possam ajudar a melhorar o gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição nesta cidade. Para realizar o estudo, utilizou-se o método de observação e análise e o tipo de estudo descritivo. Para obter as informações, foi necessário fazer visitas e pesquisas às empresas de construção. Posteriormente, as informações coletadas foram examinadas por meio da análise multi-atributo e do software estatístico SSPS. Como resultado, obteve-se que as terras de escavação e o concreto são os resíduos mais gerados nas atividades de construção. Como medida para reduzir o desperdício e melhorar sua gestão, as empresas deram maior importância ao estágio de prevenção. A falta de conscientização e controle ambiental em conformidade com a legislação foram as principais barreiras detectadas. Os incentivos fiscais foram considerados instrumentos relevantes para a gestão.Resumen A pesar de que en Colombia se han dado avances acerca de la gestión de los residuos provenientes de las actividades constructivas, en ciudades como Villavicencio, no existen estudios a fondo acerca de su generación y manejo. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo, consiste en identificar el estado actual, las barreras y los instrumentos que podrían ayudar a mejorar la gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en esta ciudad. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó el método de observación y de análisis, y el tipo de estudio descriptivo. Con el fin de obtener la información, fue necesario realizar visitas y encuestas a empresas constructoras. Posteriormente, la información recopilada fue examinada por medio del análisis multiatributo y el software estadístico SSPS. Como resultado, se obtuvo que las tierras de excavación y el concreto son los residuos que más se generan en las actividades constructivas. Como medida para reducir los residuos y mejorar su gestión, las empresas dieron mayor importancia a la etapa de prevención. La falta de conciencia medioambiental y de control en el cumplimiento de la legislación fueron las principales barreras detectadas. Los incentivos tributarios fueron considerados como instrumentos relevantes para la gestión

La gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en Villavicencio: estado actual, barreras e instrumentos de gestión

A pesar de que en Colombia se han dado avances acerca de la gestión de los residuos provenientes de las actividades constructivas, en ciudades como Villavicencio, no existen estudios a fondo acerca de su generación y manejo. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo, consiste en identificar el estado actual, las barreras y los instrumentos que podrían ayudar a mejorar la gestión de los residuos de construcción y demolición en esta ciudad. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó el método de observación y de análisis, y el tipo de estudio descriptivo. Con el fin de obtener la información, fue necesario realizar visitas y encuestas a empresas constructoras. Posteriormente, la información recopilada fue examinada por medio del análisis multiatributo y el software estadístico SSPS. Como resultado, se obtuvo que las tierras de excavación y el concreto son los residuos que más se generan en las actividades constructivas. Como medida para reducir los residuos y mejorar su gestión, las empresas dieron mayor importancia a la etapa de prevención. La falta de conciencia medioambiental y de control en el cumplimiento de la legislación fueron las principales barreras detectadas. Los incentivos tributarios fueron considerados como instrumentos relevantes para la gestión

IV. Biodiversidad del río Bita, Vichada, Colombia

Dentro del proyecto “Desarrollo de un marco conceptual, metodológico y operativo para el establecimiento de una figura innovadora de Río Protegido en el río Bita/Departamento del Vichada”, suscrito entre la Gobernación del Vichada y el Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH), se llevó a cabo un estudio entre la Fundación Omacha y el IAvH que incluyó una evaluación biológica rápida realizada en aguas bajas y altas, en cuatro ventanas de trabajo: Anakay, Mi Familia, La Florida y Rampa Vieja, ubicadas en la parte media y alta del Bita, con representatividad en los municipios de La Primavera y Puerto Carreño. En conjunto, las cuatro ventanas de trabajo cubrieron un tramo de aproximadamente 200 km lineales del río. La selección de estas áreas tuvo en cuenta varios criterios: 1-.Que incluyera una muestra representativa de ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos. 2-. Que fueran representativos de la cuenca alta y media del río. 3-. Accesibilidad. 4-. Parches anchos de bosque de galería. El equipo de profesionales e investigadores locales incluyó 51 personas, que evaluaron la flora, esponjas, macroinvertebrados acuáticos, escarabajos coprófagos, crustáceos decápodos, peces, herpetofauna, aves y mamíferos. El trabajo de campo se realizó en dos períodos climáticos contrastantes: el primero entre el 13 y el 24 de febrero de 2016 (época seca), y el segundo del 26 de mayo al 5 de junio del 2016 (época de lluvias). En ambos muestreos se coordinó la logística previamente, y el ingreso de los investigadores se hizo por vía terrestre. Las embarcaciones y la instalación de los campamentos se hicieron con un equipo de avanzada.Bogotá, D. C

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

International audienceSummaryBackground Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension.MethodsWe used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI).FindingsThe correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m² (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m² (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone.InterpretationBMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified