Couleur et cinéma : vers la fin des aveux d’impuissance

« Pas de moyen d’affronter la question de la couleur » prévient Color: The Film Reader, l’anthologie récente d’Angela Dalle Vacche et de Brian Price. Impossible de l’embrasser d’un abord unique. L’autre grande anthologie, plus ancienne mais fondamentale dans sa réflexion, La Couleur en cinéma (1995), dirigée par Jacques Aumont, lui fait écho. La préface avertit qu’il faut aborder la question comme non constituée, parler des couleurs et non de la couleur. D’où les chapitres du volume (« Bords ..

Mid- and Far-Infrared Marker Bands of the Metal Coordination Sites of the Histidine Side Chains in the Protein Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase

International audienceVibrational spectroscopy gives important information on the properties of ligand and metal–ligand bonds in metalloenzymes. Infrared spectroscopy is appealing for the study of metal active sites that are not amenable to Raman spectroscopy. We present a combined experimental and theoretical approach to analyze the mid- and far-IR spectra of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) as a probe of the histidine ligands. This metalloenzyme provides a unique model to identify specific IR signatures of metal–histidine coordination and to study their alterations as a function of the metal (copper/zinc), the copper valence state (+I/+II), the histidine coordination mode (Nτ and Nπ) and the histidine protonation state. DFT calculations combined with normal mode descriptions from potential energy distribution calculations were performed on two slightly different cluster models. Differences in the constraints at the side chain of one histidine Cu ligand sensibly modify the geometric parameters and vibrational properties. Electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectroscopy provided mid- and far-IR fingerprint spectra of the Cu protein in aqueous media that are sensitive to the redox state of the Cu centre at the active site. Comparisons of the DFT predictions with the experimental IR modes of the histidine ligands at the Cu,Zn-SOD active site showed that useful mid-IR markers of histidine Nτ and Nπ coordination were predicted with good accuracy. The DFT analysis further demonstrated a link between the ν(C4–C5) mode frequency of His46 and the specific properties of the His46–Cu bond in Cu,Zn-SOD. A combined theoretical and experimental approach on samples in H2O and 2H2O or 15N-labelled samples identified the contributions from the histidine side chain modes in the 669–629 cm–1 region

“I could a tale unfold”, I could a tale enlighten : Kenneth Branagh ou l’Art de la Clarté

Les trois films de Kenneth Branagh (Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing et Hamlet) ont contribué au renouveau des adaptations shakespeariennes sur le grand écran et ont rendu Shakespeare accessible à un nouveau public. Branagh expose les situations visuellement : il ajoute les flash-backs de Falstaff dans Henry V, montre la scène du balcon dans Much Ado, crée des scènes d’amour physique entre Ophélie et Hamlet. Il n’hésite pas non plus à illustrer les paroles des personnages par des inserts, diégétiques ou non. Le cinéma est un médium différent du théâtre. Il permet de raconter une histoire en agrandissant l’espace, en illustrant, clarifiant, accentuant. Henry V reformule les codes des films sur la guerre du Viêt-nam : terrain boueux, souffrances transcendées, amitiés masculines. Much Ado About Nothing est tourné sur le mode de la comédie musicale : prologue enjoué, cinétisme des groupes, rôle essentiel de la musique et des chants. Quant à Hamlet, il se transforme en thriller épique voire en film d’horreur.Kenneth Branagh's screen adaptations (Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet) have contributed to the renewal of the Shakespearean films on the big screen and have made Shakespeare available to a new public. Branagh displays some situations visually: he adds some flashbacks of Falstaff in Henry V, shows the balcony scene in Much Ado, creates love scenes for Ophelia and Hamlet. He also do not hesitate to illustrate a character's words by some inserts which can be diegetical or not. Cinema is not theatre. It allows a director to tell a story by widening space, clarifying, emphasizing. Henry V uses the codes of war (Vietnam) movies with muddy fights, male friendships, as well as shared and overcome pains. Much Ado About Nothing, is shot on the mode of the musicals: lively prologue, group cinetism and joyful songs. Hamlet, as far as it goes, is transformed in a true epic thriller, almost a horror movie

Formal Verification of AADL models with Fiacre and Tina

9 pagesInternational audienceThis paper details works undertaken in the scope of the Spices project concerning the behavioral verification of AADL models. We give a high-level view of the tools involved and describe the successive transformations performed by our verification process. We also report on an experiment carried out in order to evaluate our framework and give the first experimental results obtained on real-size models. This demonstrator models a network protocol in charge of data communications between an airplane and ground stations. From this study we draw a set of conclusions about the integration of model-checking tools in an industrial development process

Fiacre: an Intermediate Language for Model Verification in the Topcased Environment

International audienceFiacre was designed in the framework of the TOPCASED project dealing with model-driven engineering and gathering numerous partners, from both industry and academics. Therefore, Fiacre is designed both as the target language of model transformation engines from various models such as SDL, UML, AADL, and as the source language of compilers into the targeted verification toolboxes, namely CADP and Tina in the first step. In this paper, we present the Fiacre language. Then transformations from AADL to Fiacre are illustrated on a small example

Phosphate and zinc transport and signalling in plants: toward a better understanding of their homeostasis interaction

Zn and Pi are essential elements for plant growth. Current understanding of the regulation of their homeostasis interaction and signalling cross-talk is presente

Coordination between zinc and phosphate homeostasis involves the transcription factor PHR1, the phosphate exporter PHO1, and its homologue PHO1;H3 in Arabidopsis

Phosphate over-accumulates in shoots in response to Zn deprivation. Results shown in this article suggest key roles of PHR1 and PHO1 and a counteractive function of PHO1;H3 in controlling root-to-shoot phosphate translocation in Arabidopsi

The antifungal plant defensin AhPDF1.1b is a beneficial factor involved in adaptive response to zinc overload when it is expressed in yeast cells

Antimicrobial peptides represent an expanding family of peptides involved in innate immunity of many living organisms. They show an amazing diversity in their sequence, structure, and mechanism of action. Among them, plant defensins are renowned for their antifungal activity but various side activities have also been described. Usually, a new biological role is reported along with the discovery of a new defensin and it is thus not clear if this multifunctionality exists at the family level or at the peptide level. We previously showed that the plant defensin AhPDF1.1b exhibits an unexpected role by conferring zinc tolerance to yeast and plant cells. In this paper, we further explored this activity using different yeast genetic backgrounds: especially the zrc1 mutant and an UPRE-GFP reporter yeast strain. We showed that AhPDF1.1b interferes with adaptive cell response in the endoplasmic reticulum to confer cellular zinc tolerance. We thus highlighted that, depending on its cellular localization, AhPDF1.1b exerts quite separate activities: when it is applied exogenously, it is a toxin against fungal and also root cells, but when it is expressed in yeast cells, it is a peptide that modulates the cellular adaptive response to zinc overload

The Rhizophagus irregularis Genome Encodes Two CTR Copper Transporters That Mediate Cu Import Into the Cytosol and a CTR-Like Protein Likely Involved in Copper Tolerance

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase fitness of their host plants under Cu deficient and toxic conditions. In this study, we have characterized two Cu transporters of the CTR family (RiCTR1 and RiCTR2) and a CTR-like protein (RiCTR3A) of Rhizophagus irregularis. Functional analyses in yeast revealed that RiCTR1 encodes a plasma membrane Cu transporter, RiCTR2 a vacuolar Cu transporter and RiCTR3A a plasma membrane protein involved in Cu tolerance. RiCTR1 was more highly expressed in the extraradical mycelia (ERM) and RiCTR2 in the intraradical mycelia (IRM). In the ERM, RiCTR1 expression was up-regulated by Cu deficiency and down-regulated by Cu toxicity. RiCTR2 expression increased only in the ERM grown under severe Cu-deficient conditions. These data suggest that RiCTR1 is involved in Cu uptake by the ERM and RiCTR2 in mobilization of vacuolar Cu stores. Cu deficiency decreased mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule frequency, but increased RiCTR1 and RiCTR2 expression in the IRM, which suggest that the IRM has a high Cu demand. The two alternatively spliced products of RiCTR3, RiCTR3A and RiCTR3B, were more highly expressed in the ERM. Up-regulation of RiCTR3A by Cu toxicity and the yeast complementation assays suggest that RiCTR3A might function as a Cu receptor involved in Cu tolerance