Karrierewege und Karrierebedingungen in der Wissenschaft. Ergebnisse einer HochschullehrerInnenbefragung aus Natur-, Wirtschafts- und Geisteswissenschaften

Wie blicken ProfessorInnen auf ihre wissenschaftliche Karriere zurück, wodurch zeichnen sich ihre Qualifizierungswege aus, welche Erfahrungen haben sie mit BetreuerInnen und Vorgesetzten gemacht, und welche Aspekte sind aus ihrer Sicht für die Förderung des Nachwuchses und eine erfolgreiche Laufbahn notwendig? Anhand einer repräsentativen Umfrage von ProfessorInnen aus Natur-, Wirtschafts- und Geisteswissenschaften in Deutschland gibt die vorliegende Studie, die Teil eines BMBF-Projekts zu „Vertrauen und Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs“ ist, Antwor-ten auf diese und andere Fragen und liefert zugleich Denkanstöße für eine Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit des wissenschaftlichen Qualifizierungssystems

Brüchige Erwerbsverläufe in der Wissenschaft und die Rolle von Vertrauen

Im Gegensatz zu Hochschulforschung und Hochschulpolitik, die wissenschaftliche Karrieren vor allem anhand von Leistungsindikatoren wie Drittmittelvolumen oder Publikationsleistungen thematisieren, richten wir in Anlehnung an neuere wissenschaftssoziologische Arbeiten den Blick auf die Akteure von Wissenschaft und ihre Praxis. Anhand empirischer Befunde aus einem Forschungsprojekt zu Erwerbsbiographien von Nachwuchswissenschaftler_innen in unterschiedlichen Fächern fragen wir nach der biographischen Bedeutung und Bewältigung von Karrierebedingungen und Karriereverläufen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der Rolle von Vertrauen für wissenschaftliche Karrieren, insbesondere auf der Frage, inwiefern Vertrauen dabei helfen kann, Phasen der Ungewissheit in Bezug auf Beschäftigungssicherheit und Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit zu überbrücken

Die 1000 besten Songs aller Zeiten

Bestenlisten sind eine allgegenwärtige Darstellungsweise von Wertigkeit, die uns in vielen Zusammenhängen begegnet: als Liste kanonischer Werke, Universitätsrankings oder musikalische Charts. In unserem Beitrag gehen wir anhand von Beispielen aus dem Bereich der kommerziellen Musik der Frage nach den Wechselverhältnissen von Bestenlisten und gesellschaftlicher Transformation nach. Unsere Überlegungen nehmen die unterschiedlichen Formen von MusikbestenIisten zum Ausgangspunkt, um ihren potenziellen Nutzen für soziologische Empirie und Theorie zu erkunden. Dafür werden wir zunächst exemplarisch Studien vorstellen, in der Musikbestenlisten als Ausdruck von gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen interpretiert werden. In einem zweiten Schritt drehen wir die Perspektive um und fragen danach, inwiefern Musikbestenlisten selbst Einfluss auf gesellschaftliche Prozesse nehmen, oder anders formuliert: als kulturelle Medien gesellschaftlichen Wandels fungieren. Ein Baustein für eine mögliche Antwort liefert der Production-of-Culture-Ansatz, mit dem Charts hinsichtlich ihrer performativen Effekte diskutiert werden können; aber auch musiksoziologische Analysen der Kanonisierung populärer Musik geben darüber Aufschluss. Daran anschließend möchten wir in einem weiteren Schritt die in den letzten Jahren etablierte „Soziologie der Bewertung“ befragen, inwiefern diese einen Betrag zur Analyse von Musikbestenlisten leisten kann. Daraus resultiert schließlich eine vorläufige Forschungsagenda, mit der wir den Beitrag beschließen

Tagungsbericht: Kulturen der Bewertung

Bewertungen sind ein Phänomen, das alle Bereiche des Sozialen durchzieht - von ästhetischen Urteilen im Alltag über die Vergabe von Schulnoten bis hin zu komplexen Evaluationsprozessen. Die Tagung nahm die gegenwärtige thematische Konjunktur einer sich etablierenden Soziologie der Bewertung (LAMONT 2012) zum Anlass, um ausgewählte Phänomene aus einer dezidiert kultur- und wissenssoziologischen Perspektive zu beleuchten. Als "Kulturen der Bewertung" wurden spezifische gesellschaftliche Wertigkeitsphänomene in ihren Gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen vergleichend betrachtet. Ein thematischer Schwerpunkt lag darauf, die Eigenlogiken von Bewertungen in unterschiedlichen sozialen Sphären und deren gesellschaftliche Effekte herauszuarbeiten. Der gemeinsame Gegenstand der Bewertung diente zudem dem Austausch über eingespielte thematische Profile hinaus. Neben dem inhaltlichen wurde auch das gegenwärtige methodische Profil dieses Forschungsfeldes deutlich, welches von interpretativen Ansätzen dominiert wird.Valuation pertains to all realms of social life - from aesthetic judgments in everyday life to grading pupils in school, to the complex evaluation processes found in economic contexts. The conference "Cultures of Evaluation" drew on recent themes advanced by the developing field of the sociology of valuation and evaluation, with a particular focus on culture and knowledge. The contributions to the conference covered different social phenomena related to ascribing and assessing value. Comparing the diverse empirical examples allowed to highlight their similarities and differences. One of the central methodological issues addressed the specific structures as well as outcomes of evaluations in different social fields. The shared topic of valuation also allowed discussing the methodical profile of this field of inquiry, which is currently dominated by interpretative method

Wissenschaft als Beruf: Wissenschaftsforschung Jahrbuch 2020

Peer Reviewe

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: Results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-Analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-Analysis. RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: Total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an accurate, web-based tool for stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation to facilitate decisions on the potential benefits/risks of anticoagulation, based on mortality, stroke and bleeding risks. DESIGN: The new tool was developed, using stepwise regression, for all and then applied to lower risk patients. C-statistics were compared with CHA2DS2-VASc using 30-fold cross-validation to control for overfitting. External validation was undertaken in an independent dataset, Outcome Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). PARTICIPANTS: Data from 39 898 patients enrolled in the prospective GARFIELD-AF registry provided the basis for deriving and validating an integrated risk tool to predict stroke risk, mortality and bleeding risk. RESULTS: The discriminatory value of the GARFIELD-AF risk model was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc for patients with or without anticoagulation. C-statistics (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and haemorrhagic stroke/major bleeding (treated patients) were: 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78), 0.69 (0.67 to 0.71) and 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69), respectively, for the GARFIELD-AF risk models, and 0.66 (0.64-0.67), 0.64 (0.61-0.66) and 0.64 (0.61-0.68), respectively, for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). In very low to low risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc 0 or 1 (men) and 1 or 2 (women)), the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) scores offered weak discriminatory value for mortality, stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding. C-statistics for the GARFIELD-AF risk tool were 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75), 0.65 (0.56 to 0.73) and 0.60 (0.47 to 0.73) for each end point, respectively, versus 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55), 0.59 (0.50 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). Upon validation in the ORBIT-AF population, C-statistics showed that the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was effective for predicting 1-year all-cause mortality using the full and simplified model for all-cause mortality: C-statistics 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77), respectively, and for predicting for any stroke or systemic embolism over 1 year, C-statistics 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc in predicting stroke and mortality and superior to HAS-BLED for bleeding, overall and in lower risk patients. The GARFIELD-AF tool has the potential for incorporation in routine electronic systems, and for the first time, permits simultaneous evaluation of ischaemic stroke, mortality and bleeding risks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362) and for ORBIT-AF (NCT01165710)