Встановлення впливу прокатки поверхні на механічні властивості сплаву системи Ti–Al

Taking into account the problem of modern aircraft engine building, new materials are being actively introduced to increase the service and reliability of products while reducing their material consumption. Namely, nickel alloys are replaced by lighter intermetallic alloys of the Ti–Al system, which is the object of the research. However, the use of a new class of alloys is complicated because of the high demands placed on these materials. Consequently, the intermetallic alloys used in the critical components of the aircraft must be not only strong, but super-strong.To solve the problem of increasing the level of strength, it is suggested to use the roller burnishing, which consists in the fact that the rollers are pressed against the surface of the processed material, which leads to plastic deformation in the surface zone. As a result of deformation, changes in the structure of the surface layers of the material occur, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the mechanical characteristics.Experiments have been carried out to strengthen the alloy of the Ti–Al system. The effect of roller burnishing on alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb (at %) is studied and it is established that after surface roller burnishing, the fatigue strength of alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb (at %) is increased by 4%, from 675 to 725 MPa. It is shown that surface roller burnishing reduces the maximum surface roughness by 0.4 μm (from 2.4 μm to 2.0 μm).Приведены результаты обработки поверхности интерметаллидного сплава Ti–Al методом прокатки роликами. Прокатку роликами осуществляли с силой 350 Н. Усталостные испытания проводились при комнатной температуре при частоте 60 Гц. Установлено, что после прокатки поверхности роликами усталостная прочность сплава Ti-45Al-5Nb (ат. %) увеличилась на 4 %, с 675 до 700 МПа. Показано, что поверхностная прокатка уменьшает шероховатость поверхности. Наведено результати обробки поверхні інтерметалідного сплаву Ti–Al методом прокатки роликами. Прокатку роликами здійснювали при зусиллі 350 Н. Випробування на втому проводились при кімнатній температурі при частоті 60 Гц. Встановлено, що після прокатки поверхні роликами втомна міцність сплаву Ti-45Al-5Nb (ат. %) підвищилась на 4 %, з 675 до 700 МПа. Показано, що поверхнева прокатка зменшує шорсткість поверхні.

Micromechanical characterization of ALD thin films

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) films have become essential for various microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) due to their excellent properties: ALD films are conformal, uniform, dense, and pin-hole free. The main requirement for any film to be applied in MEMS is to exhibit good mechanical properties. Good mechanical properties mean that film has low residual stress, high fracture and interfacial strengths, and known elastic properties under applied mechanical load. MEMS devices are often subjected to the environmental stress. Therefore, it is important to evaluate mechanical properties also after environmental stress conditions. In this doctoral dissertation, the mechanical properties of ALD thin films are evaluated by means of bulge and MEMS shaft-loaded techniques (SLT). Both techniques are very valuable because mechanical properties of thin films are extracted without influence of underlying substrate. The bulge method is a non-contact method, in which overpressure is applied to load free-standing membrane until it fractures.In the MEMS SLT, the integrated shaft loads free-standing membrane facilitating the extraction of mechanical properties.The developed technique is attractive for characterization mechanical properties of variable thin films due to offered repeatability, precision, and non-piercing nature (the premature fracture by sharp indenter tip is avoided). In this doctoral dissertation, MEMS SLT was employed, in addition, for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of interfacial strength between two thin films. A new method to study adhesion between extra thin films and various substrates was developed (when conventional scratch testing is not appropriate: when substrates or coatings break before the coating is delaminated). The solution was to embed micro-spheres into the coating. These spheres were laterally detached using microrobotic set-up. This approach facilitated the extraction of interfacial mechanical properties, such as critical load and critical stress needed for removal of a coating. This doctoral dissertation describes the mechanical properties of ALD Al2O3, Al2O3/TiO2 nanolaminates, AlxTiyOz mixed oxide and graphene/ALD Al2O3 composites. These materials are promising for MEMS as suspended membranes in thermal devices like bolometers, in chemical sensors like microhotplates and as windows in X-ray optics. The adhesion properties between sputtered films and ALD Al2O3 were measured with MEMS SLT. A new method with the lateral displacement of microspheres led to extraction of interfacial properties between ALD TiO2 and glass substrate. This information is important to prevent debonding events when fabricating or using MEMS structures

Culture of Japan as an Element of its «Soft Power»

Japan, according to the current Constitution, refuses military actions as a way of resolving international disputes and conflicts. However, Japan realizes its national interests on a national area through “soft power”, popularizing Japanese language and spreading culture all around the world. Japan also uses unique approach, which bases on compound of west and oriental traditions. In this article, we consider and analyze methods, which Japan uses for spreading of national culture abroad and favorable representation among foreigners. We explore institutes through which Japan implements its “soft power”, for example, Japan Foundation. We also consider unusual Japan’s approach for “soft power”. We can make a conclusion, that Japan uses its national culture as an element of its “soft power” very effectively.Япония по действующей Конституции отказывается от военных действий как способа разрешения международных споров и конфликтов. Однако при этом свои национальные интересы она реализует при помощи «мягкой силы», активно популяризируя японский язык, распространяя свою культуру по всему миру. При этом в рамках распространения «мягкой силы» используется уникальный подход, основанный на синтезе западных и национальных традиций. В статье рассматриваются и анализируются методы, применяемые японскими властями по распространению национальной культуры за рубежом с целью создания благоприятного имиджа страны среди иностранцев. Исследуются институты, при помощи которых проводится реализация потенциала «мягкой силы», в частности Японский фонд. Кроме того, рассматривается нетривиальность японского подхода к использованию «мягкой силы». На основании исследования делается вывод об эффективном использовании элемента национальной культуры в «мягкой силе» Японии

The international and legal framework for transregionalization of trade and economic cooperation of the BRICS countries

The emergence of a multipolar world is an integral part of the globalization processes. Strategic partnership at the regional, interregional and transregional levels is becoming a new institution and at the same time an instrument of modern international relations. The international and legal framework for the cooperation of BRICS as a transregional association is considered herein. The importance of converging the positions of the BRICS countries in the global political and economic system is emphasized. The research is aimed at the analysis of the international legal foundations of trade and economic cooperation of the BRICS countries within the system of transregional relations, factors, conditions and prospects for development. The measures to enhance and expand mutually beneficial trade and economic partnerships within the framework of BRICS will most effectively utilize their resource, technological, and trade and economic potential, creating the basis for the sustainable growth of the national economy and competitiveness in global development. The practical significance of the study lies in the analysis of the mechanisms of integration of BRICS. The results obtained may be useful in shaping the strategy of trade and economic cooperation within the framework of BRICS.peer-reviewe

Immunohistochemical studies of protein kinase D (PKD) 2 expression in malignant human lymph

Aim: To study the PKD2 expression, autophosphorylation and localization in reactive lymph nodes and tumors of lymphoid tissues. Materials and Methods: Specific antibodies, which recognize PKD1/2 or PKD2 and autophosphorylated PKD1/2, were used for immunohistochemical and biochemical studies of tonsils, reactive lymph nodes, tumor samples of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). Results: Immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of PKD1 and PKD2 expression showed PKD2 expression in tonsils, reactive lymph nodes and tumor tissues from patients with NHL and HL. Furthermore, we were not able to reveal PKD1 expression in studied lymphoid tissues. In tonsils and reactive lymph nodes the PKD2 expression was detected in T and B cell zones with highest level in germinal centers of lymphoid follicles and the maximum level of autophosphorylation in the light zones of the germinal centers. We found that low level of PKD2 expression and autophosphorylation was characteristic feature for mantle cell lymphomas, Burkitt’s lymphomas, and in 50% of CLL/small lymphocytic lymphomas. Lymphoma cells of germinal center origin and with activated B cell phenotype (diffuse large B cell lymphomas, HL) and anaplastic large cells lymphoma demonstrated the high level of PKD2 expression and autophosphorylation. Conclusions: The level of PKD2 expression and autophosphorylation in neoplastic cells corresponds to the expression pattern of this kinase in their normal analogs, and to the level of cell differentiation and activation.Цель: изучить экспрессию, аутофосфорилирование и локализацию PKD2 в клетках реактивно измененных лимфaтических узлов и опухолях лимфоидной ткани. Материалы и методы: специфические антитела, распознающие PKD1/2 или PKD2 и аутофосфорилированную PKD1/2, были использованы для иммуногистохимического и биохимического анализа клеток небных миндалин, реактивно измененных лимфaтических узлов, биоптатов опухолей у больных неходжкинскими злокачественными лимфомами (НХЛ) и лимфомой Ходжкина (ЛХ). Результаты: при иммуногистохимическом и биохимическом исследовании выявлена экспрессия PKD2 в клетках миндалин, гиперплазированных лимфатических узлов и различных гистологических форм НХЛ и ЛХ. Экспрессия PKD1 в изученных нами лимфоидных тканях выявлена не была. Экспрессия PKD2 была выявлена в T- и B-клеточных зонах миндалин и реактивно измененных лимфатических узлов. Наиболее высокий уровень экспрессии отмечался в клетках зародышевых центров лимфоидных фолликулов, максимальный уровень аутофосфорилирования — в светлых зонах зародышевых центров. Обнаружено, что низкий уровень экспрессии и аутофосфорилирования PKD2 является характерной особенностью лимфом из клеток мантийной зоны, лимфомы Беркитта, в 50% случаях лимфом из малых лимфоцитов/ХЛЛ. Клетки лимфом, возникающих из клеток зародышевых центров с фенотипом активированных B-клеток (диффузная лимфома из крупных B-клеток, ЛХ), а также анапластическая крупноклеточная лимфома характеризовались высоким уровнем экспрессии и аутофосфорилирования PKD2. Выводы: уровень экспрессии и аутофосфорилирования PKD2 в клетках новообразований соответствует особенностям экспрессии этих киназ в соответствующих нормальных аналогах, уровню клеточной дифференцировки клеток и их активации

Recommended reading list of early publications on atomic layer deposition-Outcome of the "Virtual Project on the History of ALD"

Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a gas-phase thin film deposition technique based on repeated, self-terminating gas-solid reactions, has become the method of choice in semiconductor manufacturing and many other technological areas for depositing thin conformal inorganic material layers for various applications. ALD has been discovered and developed independently, at least twice, under different names: atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and molecular layering. ALE, dating back to 1974 in Finland, has been commonly known as the origin of ALD, while work done since the 1960s in the Soviet Union under the name "molecular layering" (and sometimes other names) has remained much less known. The virtual project on the history of ALD (VPHA) is a volunteer-based effort with open participation, set up to make the early days of ALD more transparent. In VPHA, started in July 2013, the target is to list, read and comment on all early ALD academic and patent literature up to 1986. VPHA has resulted in two essays and several presentations at international conferences. This paper, based on a poster presentation at the 16th International Conference on Atomic Layer Deposition in Dublin, Ireland, 2016, presents a recommended reading list of early ALD publications, created collectively by the VPHA participants through voting. The list contains 22 publications from Finland, Japan, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States. Up to now, a balanced overview regarding the early history of ALD has been missing; the current list is an attempt to remedy this deficiency. (C) 2016 Author(s).Peer reviewe

Встановлення впливу прокатки поверхні на механічні властивості сплаву системи Ti–Al

Taking into account the problem of modern aircraft engine building, new materials are being actively introduced to increase the service and reliability of products while reducing their material consumption. Namely, nickel alloys are replaced by lighter intermetallic alloys of the Ti–Al system, which is the object of the research. However, the use of a new class of alloys is complicated because of the high demands placed on these materials. Consequently, the intermetallic alloys used in the critical components of the aircraft must be not only strong, but super-strong.To solve the problem of increasing the level of strength, it is suggested to use the roller burnishing, which consists in the fact that the rollers are pressed against the surface of the processed material, which leads to plastic deformation in the surface zone. As a result of deformation, changes in the structure of the surface layers of the material occur, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the mechanical characteristics.Experiments have been carried out to strengthen the alloy of the Ti–Al system. The effect of roller burnishing on alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb (at %) is studied and it is established that after surface roller burnishing, the fatigue strength of alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb (at %) is increased by 4%, from 675 to 725 MPa. It is shown that surface roller burnishing reduces the maximum surface roughness by 0.4 μm (from 2.4 μm to 2.0 μm).Приведены результаты обработки поверхности интерметаллидного сплава Ti–Al методом прокатки роликами. Прокатку роликами осуществляли с силой 350 Н. Усталостные испытания проводились при комнатной температуре при частоте 60 Гц. Установлено, что после прокатки поверхности роликами усталостная прочность сплава Ti-45Al-5Nb (ат. %) увеличилась на 4 %, с 675 до 700 МПа. Показано, что поверхностная прокатка уменьшает шероховатость поверхности. Наведено результати обробки поверхні інтерметалідного сплаву Ti–Al методом прокатки роликами. Прокатку роликами здійснювали при зусиллі 350 Н. Випробування на втому проводились при кімнатній температурі при частоті 60 Гц. Встановлено, що після прокатки поверхні роликами втомна міцність сплаву Ti-45Al-5Nb (ат. %) підвищилась на 4 %, з 675 до 700 МПа. Показано, що поверхнева прокатка зменшує шорсткість поверхні.

Adhesion Testing of Atomic Layer Deposited TiO2 on Glass Substrate by the Use of Embedded SiO2 Microspheres

Peer reviewe