Investigación previa del conjunto catedralicio de Granada

Antes de emprender la restauración o estudio de los procesos de alteración de un monumento, es imprescindible la realización de una serie de estudios preliminares conocidos genéricamente como investigación previa; estos estudios deben proporcionar suficiente información sobre muy diversos aspectos al objeto de poder estar en condiciones de realizar una adecuada interpretación de los datos que se obtengan en las investigaciones siguientes a fin de garantizar, en la medida de lo posible, que las futuras intervenciones sean las más adecuadas. Es necesario, en primer lugar, realizar una investigación profunda que permita conocer las diversas etapas constructivas del monumento, las modificaciones que se han realizado sobre el proyecto original, así como todas aquellas incidencias que puedan haber tenido una repercusión directa sobre el monumento,tales como derrumbamientos, terremotos, modificaciones urbanísticas del entorno, etc. En segundo lugar, se ha de realizar una investigación bibliográfica que permita conocer la procedencia de los materiales pétreos empleados en la construcción; esta información será esencial tanto para el investigador como para el arquitecto restaurador. Al primero le servirá para poder obtener grandes cantidades de material inalterado para la realización de ensayos de laboratorio, que no puede detraerse del monumento sin causar en la mayor parte de los casos graves daños; al restaurador, esta información le permitirá disponer de material de las mismas o similares características al original por si fuese necesario realizar reposiciones. La localización de las canteras de procedencia de los materiales es a veces una tarea no demasiado fácil por diversas razones, entre las que se encuentra el hecho de que muchas de ellas no se encuentran en explotación desde hace muchos años, o el nombre por el que son mencionadas en los antiguos documentos no se corresponde con el actual, etc., no obstante, diversos estudios químicos y petrográficos pueden permitir la identificación inequívoca de las mismas comparando con los materiales del edificio . Por último, el conocimiento de las condiciones ambientales a las que se encuentra sometido el monumento resulta de un particular interés debido a que muchos procesos de alteración tendrán su origen en las mismas y, además, las tareas de restauración a realizar se pueden ver fuertemente condicionadas por aquellas

Methodology to improve water and energy use by proper irrigationscheduling in pressurised networks

With the aim of reducing energy consumption and improving water use in pressurised irrigation systems, the methodology to minimise energy consumption by grouping intakes of pressurised irrigation networks into sectors, as developed by Jimenez Bello et al. (2010a), was modified to enable irrigation intakes to operate during the scheduled period for each intake instead of operating during restricted irrigation periods of the same length. Moreover, a method was developed to detect the maximum number of intakes that can operate without extra energy if the source has sufficient head to feed at least some of the intakes. These methods were applied to a Mediterranean irrigation system, where the total cropped area was mainly citrus orchards. In this case study, water was allocated to two groups of intakes, one fed by gravity and the other by pumps. A saving of 36.3 % was achieved by increasing the total volume supplied by gravity, decreasing the injection pump head, and improving the pump performance. Therefore, all the intakes only operated during the irrigation periods at the minimum required pressure.This research was supported by funds from Climate-KIC AGADAPT and from EU 7th Framework Programme FIGARO projects. The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided by Picassent Sector XI staff. The revision of this paper was funded by "The Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain".Jiménez Bello, MA.; Royuela Tomás, Á.; Manzano Juarez, J.; García Prats, A.; Martínez Alzamora, F. (2015). Methodology to improve water and energy use by proper irrigationscheduling in pressurised networks. Agricultural Water Management. 149:91-101. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.026S9110114

Acciones, políticas y estrategias para el balance de género en el ámbito STEM: Resultados de una dinámica World Café

[EN]W-STEM project is working to reduce the existing gender gap in Science, specifically in STEM fields in Latin America. During an International Leadership Summit, held in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) on November 26th, 2019 within the project scope, forty-four people, including researchers and policymakers at the higher education institutions, participated in a World Café conversation to discuss about the potential actions, policies and strategies might be develop in the universities to reduce the above mentioned gender gap in STEM studies. Four tables were conducted, and this paper summarizes the most outstanding conclusions of the conversations

La Zoología en Internet

The main goal of this paper is to facilitate the access of the zoologist to the information online in Internet (mainly through World Wide Web pages). After a presentation of the principal search engines, a number of server address are given for the diferent zoological specialities, from zoological software, data bases, etc. We hope to promote the use of this wealth of information.Se presenta un conjunto de direcciones en Internet (principalmente de páginas World Wide Web), para la búsqueda de documentos y servidores dedicados a la Zoología. Además se hace una referencia exhaustiva a servidores zoológicos por categorías, desde los puramente metodológicos, teóricos, bases de datos, etc. El objetivo es facilitar el uso de esta información online

A strategy for the appropriation of ICT in the reconciliation of the victims of the colombian armed conflict

Una de las fases del proceso de paz que se adelanta en Colombia está relacionada con la elaboración de un acuerdo. Luego de ello, se debe iniciar una etapa de construcción de paz territorial en la que participen todos los ciudadanos y las comunidades. Uno de los objetivos de esta etapa consiste en impactar positivamente los derechos de las víctimas. Esto puede lograrse mediante la construcción de espacios que faciliten la reflexión, el diálogo y la acción entre los actores del conflicto para buscar su reconciliación. En este orden de ideas, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) pueden jugar un rol importante para propiciar esos espacios. Por tanto, en este artículo se presenta una estrategia para la apropiación de las TIC en la reconciliación de las víctimas del conflicto colombiano. En concreto, la estrategia se materializa en una propuesta conceptual de un sistema informático que facilite la comunicación, la interacción y la presentación de ideas y argumentos entre los actores del conflicto.The Colombian peace process includes a phase for the development of an agreement between the parties in conflict. After that, it should continue with building territorial peace through the participation of all citizens and communities. At this stage, the main goal is to promote the rights of victims. This can be achieved by developing spaces that help mediation, dialogue and action among the actors in conflict, in order to seek their reconciliation. In this scenario, information and communication technology (ICT) can play an important role in supporting these spaces. This paper proposes a strategy for the appropriation of ICT in the reconciliation of victims of the Colombian conflict. Specifically, the strategy proposes a conceptual approach for an information system that facilitates communication, interaction and presentation of ideas and arguments between the parties in conflict

Case acquisition from text: ontology-based information extraction with SCOOBIE for myCBR

myCBR is a freely available tool for rapid prototyping of similarity-based retrieval applications such as case-based product recommender systems. It provides easy-to-use model generation, data import, similarity modelling, explanation, and testing functionality together with comfortable graphical user interfaces. SCOOBIE is an ontology-based information extraction system, which uses symbolic background knowledge for extracting information from text. Extraction results depend on existing knowledge fragments. In this paper we show how to use SCOOBIE for generating cases from texts. More concrete we use ontologies of the Web of Data, published as so called Linked Data interlinked with myCBR’s case model. We present a way of formalising a case model as Linked Data ready ontology and connect it with other ontologies of the Web of Data in order to get richer cases

Dietary Fat Patterns and Outcomes in Acute Pancreatitis in Spain

Background/Objective: Evidence from basic and clinical studies suggests that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) might be relevant mediators of the development of complications in acute pancreatitis (AP). Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes in patients with AP from regions in Spain with different patterns of dietary fat intake. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed with data from 1,655 patients with AP from a Spanish prospective cohort study and regional nutritional data from a Spanish cross-sectional study. Nutritional data considered in the study concern the total lipid consumption, detailing total saturated fatty acids, UFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) consumption derived from regional data and not from the patient prospective cohort. Two multivariable analysis models were used: (1) a model with the Charlson comorbidity index, sex, alcoholic etiology, and recurrent AP; (2) a model that included these variables plus obesity. Results: In multivariable analysis, patients from regions with high UFA intake had a significantly increased frequency of local complications, persistent organ failure (POF), mortality, and moderate-to-severe disease in the model without obesity and a higher frequency of POF in the model with obesity. Patients from regions with high MUFA intake had significantly more local complications and moderate-to-severe disease; this significance remained for moderate-to-severe disease when obesity was added to the model. Conclusions: Differences in dietary fat patterns could be associated with different outcomes in AP, and dietary fat patterns may be a pre-morbid factor that determines the severity of AP. UFAs, and particulary MUFAs, may influence the pathogenesis of the severity of AP

Random scenarios generation with minimun energy consumption model for sectoring optimization in pressurized irrigation networks using a simulated annealing approach

A pressurized irrigation network may operate in two ways, namely, on demand and organized under operating sectors. In the first case, the user decides when to irrigate, and the pumping station has to meet the discharge and pressure head requirements of the group of users that is demanding water at any time. In the second case, the operating hydrants at a given moment are previously established, which permits identification of scenarios related to lesser energy consumption. In this work, a new model was developed that identifies such scenarios. The optimization process is carried out by means of simulated annealing (SA). The model was applied to an example and the result obtained was compared with the same network operating on demand and sectorized using the criterion of hydrant elevation with respect to the pumping station. The scenario adopted for SA saved 11.8% and 15.5% in energy consumption compared with the two other scenarios, and decreased the installed power requirement by 38.3% and 21.6%, respectively.García Prats, A.; Guillem Picó, S.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Jiménez Bello, MA. (2012). Random scenarios generation with minimun energy consumption model for sectoring optimization in pressurized irrigation networks using a simulated annealing approach. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 138(7):613-624. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000452S613624138

Diabetes-related excess mortality in Mexico: a comparative analysis of National Death Registries between 2017-2019 and 2020

OBJECTIVE: To estimate diabetes-related mortality in Mexico in 2020 compared with 2017-2019 after the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective, state-level study used national death registries of Mexican adults aged ≥20 years for the 2017-2020 period. Diabetes-related death was defined using ICD-10 codes listing diabetes as the primary cause of death, excluding certificates with COVID-19 as the primary cause of death. Spatial and negative binomial regression models were used to characterize the geographic distribution and sociodemographic and epidemiologic correlates of diabetes-related excess mortality, estimated as increases in diabetes-related mortality in 2020 compared with average 2017-2019 rates. RESULTS: We identified 148,437 diabetes-related deaths in 2020 (177 per 100,000 inhabitants) vs. an average of 101,496 deaths in 2017-2019 (125 per 100,000 inhabitants). In-hospital diabetes-related deaths decreased by 17.8% in 2020 versus 2017-2019, whereas out-of-hospital deaths increased by 89.4%. Most deaths were attributable to type 2 diabetes (130 per 100,000 inhabitants). Compared with 2018-2019 data, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state and diabetic ketoacidosis were the two contributing causes with the highest increase in mortality (128% and 116% increase, respectively). Diabetes-related excess mortality clustered in southern Mexico and was highest in states with higher social lag, rates of COVID-19 hospitalization, and prevalence of HbA1c ≥7.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes-related deaths increased among Mexican adults by 41.6% in 2020 after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, occurred disproportionately outside the hospital, and were largely attributable to type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemic emergencies. Disruptions in diabetes care and strained hospital capacity may have contributed to diabetes-related excess mortality in Mexico during 2020