Deranged liver among Sudanese Patients with Dengue Virus Infection in Port Sudan Teaching Hospital

Background Deranged liver is a well-recognized feature of dengue infection, often demonstrated by coagulopathy and mild to moderate increase in transaminase levels although jaundice and fulminant hepatic failure are generally uncommon. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hepatic effect of dengue fever amongst Sudanese patients.Materials and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study recruited in Port Sudan teaching hospital in the period from February 2013 to June 2014.  334 cases of dengue along with 101 cases of control were enrolled. Rapid immune chromatographic test was used to confirm positive dengue cases and WHO criteria were used for classifying the dengue severity. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen level (FB), platelet count (PLT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were all measured. Results PT, PTT, and FB were found to be significantly higher in the infected cohort when compared to the controls (P< 0.0001). PT was prolonged in 9%, PTT was prolonged in 12.6% and shortened by 5.4% of the patients, whereas hypofibrinogenemia in 18.3% and hyperfibrinogenemia in 67.4% of the patients. Bleeding was seen in 10.5% of patients and thrombocytopenia was detected in 83.5% of patients. Out of 334 patients, 101 (30.2%) had abnormal coagulation results. Of 101 patients, 72 were subjected mixing studies for PT and PTT that revealed deficiencies in factors VIII (35%), IX (10%), V (10%), X (19%), and XII (14%). 43.6% patients had elevated AST and 21.8% had elevated ALT.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that hepatic dysfunction may be attributed to dengue virus infection which evident by prolongation in PT and PTT as well as hypofibrinogenemia and factor deficiencies.   

Dr. Meroitic North and South: a structural comparison between Kedurma and Hamadab : Meroitic North and South: a structural comparison between Kedurma and Hamadab

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit einem Aspekt der antiken Urbanisierung in Afrika, und zwar am Beispiel des Königreichs von Kusch (ca. 1000 v. Chr. – 350 n. Chr.) im heutigen Sudan als Beispiel für staatliche Gesellschaften der frühen Eisenzeit in Afrika. Jüngste Ausgrabungen lieferten neue Daten, die zu einem besseren Verständnis des täglichen Lebens im mittleren Niltal, aber auch zur Archäologie afrikanischer Siedlungen und Urbanität beitragen können. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit zwei städtischen Zentren, nämlich Kedurma und Hamadab, im Hinblick auf das Alltagsleben in städtischen Siedlungen und wie diese Faktoren sie beeinflussten. Die Diskussion der archäologischen Funde aus den beiden städtischen Zentren bietet eine neue Grundlage für die Untersuchung des städtischen Gefüges im antiken Kuschitenreich. Die empirische Grundlage der physischen Überreste ermöglicht die Entwicklung eines Arbeitsmodells für das, was Urbanismus im Mittleren Niltal ausmacht.Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit einem Aspekt der antiken Urbanisierung in Afrika, und zwar am Beispiel des Königreichs von Kusch (ca. 1000 v. Chr. – 350 n. Chr.) im heutigen Sudan als Beispiel für staatliche Gesellschaften der frühen Eisenzeit in Afrika. Jüngste Ausgrabungen lieferten neue Daten, die zu einem besseren Verständnis des täglichen Lebens im mittleren Niltal, aber auch zur Archäologie afrikanischer Siedlungen und Urbanität beitragen können. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit zwei städtischen Zentren, nämlich Kedurma und Hamadab, im Hinblick auf das Alltagsleben in städtischen Siedlungen und wie diese Faktoren sie beeinflussten. Die Diskussion der archäologischen Funde aus den beiden städtischen Zentren bietet eine neue Grundlage für die Untersuchung des städtischen Gefüges im antiken Kuschitenreich. Die empirische Grundlage der physischen Überreste ermöglicht die Entwicklung eines Arbeitsmodells für das, was Urbanismus im Mittleren Niltal ausmacht

Evaluating the Customer Satisfaction’s Effect on Murabahah and Mudarabah Financing in Islamic Banking

There are a considerable number of studies on the service quality dimensions of banking industries, but little researches were carried out on the product quality dimensions, and this led to the minimal understanding of the impact of product quality dimensions from the customers’ standpoints, This research sought to identify the impact Islamic banking products (Murabahah and Mudarabah) dimensions on customer satisfaction. The study surveyed Islamic bank customers (users of the Islamic bank’s products in Nigeria) using questionnaires to seek responses, a convenient sampling technique was conducted to reach out to customers, and the use of PLS-SEM 3 was employed for the analysis of the data. The result model shows an R2 value of 0.414 (for Murabahah), which means 41% of the variance in customer satisfaction is explained by the exogenous constructs of perceived quality, cost, convenience and compliance of Murabahah, and R2 value of 0.309 (for Mudarabah) which means 31% of the variance in customer satisfaction is explained by the exogenous constructs of perceived quality, cost, convenience and compliance of Mudarabah. The values of R2 for Murabahah and Mudarabah show that the constructs were moderate in determining the satisfaction level of customers as they produced 0.414 and 0.309 respectively

Attempts to combat money laundering by sale of oil in Libya. The relevance of the United Kingdom approach

This thesis is an analytic study that aims to examine the intricacies of Libya's AML framework, focusing largely on the Combat Money Laundering Act (2005) and the mechanisms used in Libya to curb money laundering operations specifically the illegal selling of oil. The United Kingdom was selected as a model on which this study was based; because of the United Kingdom UK’s importance as a financial centre. This thesis presents and clarifies the concept of money laundering as a way to legitimise illegal proceeds; it also explores what steps the government of Libya is taking to control money laundering in Libya through the Combat Money Laundering Act (2005) and to find out whether these steps are successful or not. The analysis highlights the differences in money laundering regulations in the UK and Libya, and point out the more efficient and effective results in various regions, providing unique details that can serve as a basis for ongoing research and development. Some of the important literature relating to anti- money laundering efforts, both nationally and internationally will be reviewed to reveal key theories and concepts. Research questions and research aims and objectives will be addressed and an overview of the research methods used in studies of UK anti-money laundering will be examined. In modern times, money laundering has been using increasingly sophisticated means and technology, and is a global problem. Anti-laundering efforts have been initiated as an attempt to combat this crime, but have been largely unsuccessful, even acting as a deterrent to some legitimate transactions in some cases. So, this study will attempt to analyse and explain central aspects of the UK regulations related to money laundering, and the provisions contained in Libyan domestic statutes to find out if these is any gap need to be filled

Formation of cycloheptyne-dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes via Nicholas allylation reactions and ring closing metathesis: Intramolecular 2+2+2 and Pauson-Khand reactions on cycloheptyne complexes.

One of the objectives of this thesis was to reduce the formation of vinyl silane side 140a,b,c & 145 products formed in the 4+3 cycloaddition reactions. By employing allyltrimetal nucleophile 149, virtually eliminated or reduced to trace amounts these vinyl silane side products observed earlier. DIBAL reduction and in situ acetylation, followed by exposuere to BF3 afforded cycloheptenyne dicobalt complex 156a,b & 163a, bearing a allyl trimethyl silane functional group and a silyl group at beta-position. The second and major objective of my thesis was to prepare tethered alkenes or alkynes of cycloheptyne dicobalt complexes. Cyloheptyne dicobalt complexes of 187, 188, 215, and 220 bearing an acetoxy group was prepared by ring closing metathesis. These complexes were functionalized easily via Nicholas reactions in high yields. Tethered alkenes did undergo Pauson-Khand reactions with good to excellent yields furnishing 7,5,5 fused ring systems. While the tethered alkynes did undergo 2+2+2 cycloaddition reactions, giving fused 7,6,5 ring systems, with respectable yield. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-11, Section: B, page: 5987. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2005

Post-Chikungunya Joint Pain Sequelae: A Sudanese Single-Center Study

Background: Chikungunya has recently been reported by the WHO to account for many cases in Sudan. The infection is extremely symptomatic, with fever, skin rash, and incapacitating arthralgia, which can promote chronic arthritis and rheumatism in older patients. A few studies on chronic pain owing to the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection have been issued. The aim of this study was to outline the laboratory findings and the physical symptom frequency of joint pain of the current Sudanese CHIKV outbreak, and evaluate its impact on the individual. Methods:  This cross–sectional study included 23 CHIKV-confirmed patients attending a Sudanese single private medical center between March and September 2019. The included patients were checked for rheumatoid factor (RF) value, C-reactive protein (CRP) titer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) value, and uric acid (UA) level. Physical scrutiny was conducted and persistent symptoms were registered. Results: The significant rheumatologic conditions were polyarthralgia (39.1%), polyarthritis (21.7%), arthralgia (17.4%), arthritis (13%), and osteoarthritis (8.8%). Swelling signs were noted in 21.9% of the patients. Joints implicated were knees (59.4%), wrists (56.3%), fingers (50%), shoulders (37.5%), feet (34.4%), ankles (31.3%), spine (18.8%), and elbow (9.4%). CRP, RF, and ESR were significantly increased in patients with persistent joints pain versus nonpersistent joint pain patients (P = 0.000, 0.002, 0.008, respectively). However, the UA was insignificant (P = 0.920).    Conclusions:  Knee joint pain remarks a significant dilemma post-CHIKV. It is noted that these remarks were linked with the risk of subsequently creating chronic sequelae. Polyarthralgia was the dominant inflammatory sequel post-Chikungunya infection.   Keywords: CHIKV, arthritis, arthralgia, polyarthralgia, polyarthritis, Suda

Requirement Model for Web Based Customer Ordering System - Segar Mart as Case Study

The major concern among the farmers these days are on distributing their products to the right customers at the right time. These farmers have been depending on "middle-person" to take their products to customers, This situation has restricted farmers to be more successful in selling their products and earn better profits. In today's digital economy, selling goods have moved from the traditional way to the new way of doing business on the Web. Seeing this as an opportunity, agricultural goods should not be excluded from this golden opportunity. This research project is intended to propose a requirement model for web-based customer ordering system. Requirement model provides a more structured and integrated guide fix the development of the system and serves is a good starting point for system development to understand users' requirement. To accomplish this research project, a case study has been conducted at Segar Mart which is a shop initiated by MOA for the farmers to sell their products direct to the customers. The requirements captured from the study are modelled out using Unified Modeling Language's (UML) notation. The prototype technique is used to validate the requirements. In this technique, a simple prototype is developed by using ASP as programming language, My SQL, Database server and Macromedia Dreamweaver for interfaces

Analysis and Simulation of Wireless Ad-Hoc Network Routing Protocols

An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Ad-hoc networks, characterized by dynamic topology. Each host moves in an arbitrary manner and routes are subject to frequent disconnection. During the period of route reconstruction, packets can be dropped. The loss of packets will cause significant throughput degradation. A number of routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV. have been implemented. In this project an attempt has been made using network simulator (NS) to compare the performance of two on-demand reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: DSR and AODV, along with the traditional proactive DSDV protocol, using more stressful parameters, such as a very high mobility, large number of nodes and with a very heavy traffic loads.The simulation results show that at a small to medium field area with a considerably large number of nodes, the tabledriven DSDV protocol performs better than the On-demand protocols, AODV and DSR at low mobility.While On-demand protocols, AODV perform very well at all network conditions. While at large field area all the routing protocols performed poorly due to large number of hops that needed for one node to communicate with another and link breakage are likely to happens. Although DSR and AODV share similar on-demand behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanics can lead to significant performance differentials. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network load, mobility, and network size. The simulation results show that On-demand routing protocol AODV and Table-driven routing protocol DSDV can be used for most of ad-hoc applications delivering about 95% of data packets to the destination nodes. These simulations are carried out based on the Rice Monarch Project that has made substantial extensions to the NS-2 network simulator to run ad hoc simulations

Design And Process Economics Of A Monoethylene Glycol (Meg) Recovery System From Produced Water

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is a widely used hydrate inhibitor in the oil and gas industry to reduce the risk of hydrate formation in pipelines that could cause a blockage. Large volumes of MEG are used annually as an effective hydrate control strategy adding an extra cost on oil and gas industries. The spent MEG is disposed of afterward by injection in wells. The environmental impact of the disposal of MEG has not been well studied yet, but it is expected to gain importance in the near future. The development of an effective process for MEG recovery has been gaining importance to reduce its purchase cost and eliminate the environmental concern of its disposal after use. Hence, the present study was performed to develop and optimize MEG recovery process based on a simulation method and to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling and reusing the recovered MEG. The simulation process was carried out using Aspen Plus and a built-in ELEC-NRTL thermodynamic package, while the process economics was investigated using the economic analyzer tool add-in to estimate the cost of the design developed. The process simulation was conducted in two distinct designs with four scenarios. The results revealed that an optimized process consists of a flash separator and a distillation column operated under vacuum pressure recovering 99.7% of high purity (99.7wt%) MEG. The capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX) associated with the optimized process reported as present worth, project lifetime of 20 years and annual interest rate of 8%, were estimated to be 11.5 and 35 MMUSD, respectively. All studied scenarios achieved the required MEG recovery and purity reaching values up to 99.7% as per the requirement of the Qatari industry in general and ConocoPhillips in specific. The similarity in the trends for all scenarios is due to the homogenous water chemistry as well as the low amount of total dissolved solids (TDS). Applying the proposed MEG recovery system can save at least 50% of the MEG purchase cost if MEG passes through one regeneration cycle in the unit. Moreover, this study shows that 80% of MEG purchase cost can be saved when MEG is regenerated up to 5 times. Finally, an environmental benefit is achieved due to the considerable reduction in the disposal of spent MEG.يُعتبر احادي جلايكول الإيثلين (MEG) من مثبطات هيد ا رت الغاز الأكثر استعمالاً في قطاع صناعة النفط والغاز للحد من مشاكل تكون هيد ا رت الغاز التي تؤدي إلى انسداد خطوط نقل الغاز. يتم استخدام كميات كبيرة من احادي جلايكول الإيثلين سنوياً كاست ا رتيجية فعالة للتحكم في تكون هيد ا رت الغاز مما يضيف تكلفة إضافية على صناعات النفط والغاز. يتم التخلص من احادي جلايكول الإيثلين المستهلك بعد ذلك عن طريق الحقن في الآبار . إلى الآن، لم يتم د ا رسة الآثار البيئية الناتجة عن التخلص من احادي جلايكول الإيثلين المستهلك بشكلٍ جيد، ولكن من المتوقع أن تكتسب أهمية في المستقبل القريب. لقد ازدادت أهمية تطوير عملية فعالة لاسترجاع احادي جلايكول الإيثلين لتقليل تكلفة الش ا رء و تجاهل القلق الخاص بعملية التخلص منه بعد الاستعمال. وبالتالي، تم إج ا رء هذه الد ا رسة لتطوير وتحسين عملية استرجاع احادي جلايكول الإيثلين باستخدام برنامج محاكاة وتقييم الجدوى الاقتصادية لإعادة تدوير اوستخدام احادي جلايكول الإيثلين المسترجع. تم تنفيذ عملية المحاكاة باستخدام برنامج Aspen Plus و حزمة الديناميكا الح ا ررية ELEC-NRTL ، في حين تم فحص اقتصاديات العملية باستخدام أداة التحليل الاقتصادي المدمجة بالبرنامج لتقدير تكلفة التصميم الذي تم تطويره. تم إج ا رء محاكاة العملية من خلال تصميمين مختلفين مع أربعة سيناريوهات. كشفت النتائج أن العملية المحسنة تتكون من فاصل ح ا رري وعمود تقطير يعملان تحت ضغط التفريغ ينتُج عنها استعادة ٩٩٬٧ ٪ من احادي جلايكول الإيثلين عالي النقاء ) ٩٩٬٧ ٪ بالوزن(. تم تقدير القيمة الحالية للنفقات ال أ رسمالية (CAPEX) و المصروفات الجارية (OPEX) للعملية المحسنة لمدة ٢٠ عاماً للمشروع و سعر الفائدة السنوية المقدرة ب ٨٪ بمبلغ ١١٬٥ و ٣٥ مليون دولار أمريكي على التوالي. حققت جميع السيناريوهات التي تمت د ا رستها معدل نقاء ونسبة استرجاع لاحادي جلايكول الايثلين تصل إلى ٩٩٬٧ ٪ وفقًا لمتطلبات الصناعة القطرية بشكل عام و شركة ConocoPhillips بقطر بشكل خاص. يرجع التشابه في نتائج جميع السيناريوهات إلى كيمياء المياه المتجانسة بالإضافة إلى انخفاض كمية الأملاح الذائبة ) TDS (. يمكن لتطبيق نظام استرجاع احادي جلايكول الإيثلين المقترح أن يوفر حوالي ٥٠ ٪ على الأقل من تكلفة ش ا رء احادي جلايكول الإيثلين إذا مرت بدورة تجديد واحدة في وحدة الاسترجاع. علاو ةً على ذلك ، توضح هذه الد ا رسة أنه يمكن توفير ٨٠ ٪ من تكلفة ش ا رء احادي جلايكول الإيثلين عندما يتم تجديده حتى ٥ م ا رت. أخي اً ر ، يتم تحقيق فائدة بيئية من عملية الاسترجاع بسبب الانخفاض الملحوظ في التخلص من احادي جلايكول الإيثلين المستهلك

Strategies to cope with risks of uncertain water supply in spate irrigation systems

Flood based irrigation in particular spate irrigation relies on variable flood scenarios occurring every year. Management of spate flood for spate irrigation must cope with the variability and uncertainty of water supply. Coping with water supply risks is often the only way to harness the opportunities for a productive use of water in arid environment. Integrating and strengthening community responses into irrigation policies and improvement plans could ensure sustainable and productive spate irrigated systems that can achieve food security for the poor population. This research analyses and evaluates risks and coping strategies developed by farming communities in the Gash spate irrigation system in Sudan, Eastern Africa. The research has synthesized different coping strategies developed by farmers, water user associations and water managers to cope with low, high and untimely flood risks. The research provides different frameworks that can assist with the identification of risk sources, pathways and propagation as well as evaluation of locally developed strategies at field, secondary and intake systems. The findings of this study contribute to the scarce knowledge on spate irrigation systems and provide scientifically sound and evidence-based insights to aid informed policy and decision making to improve productivity and sustainability of the spate irrigation systems