Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

TECNOLOGIA SOCIAL E AGROECOLOGIA NA PARAÍBA

Agroecology brings with it the idea of ​​building agricultural practices based on the dialogue of knowledge between modern science and traditional management techniques and proposes to break with the paradigms of Conventional Agriculture. In this context, technological practices emerge that contribute to the generation of work and income, in community, participatory activities, with low economic and environmental impact, inclusive and socially mobilizing. The present work aims to analyze how agroecological producers in Paraíba have incorporated Social Technology (ST) in their systems and how TS related to sustainable practices has influenced agrarian systems and the rural environment of Paraíba, making them closer to agroecological practices and principles. Based on the documentary analysis produced by Social Technology development projects related to the rural environment and by a bibliographical research, it was verified that there is a concentration of projects in the semi-arid region, linked to the development of water technological artifacts and that, although there are several experiences and Promising projects could have their scope and impact increased if they received support and encouragement from the State through permanent public policies to promote these initiatives.La agroecología trae consigo la idea de construir prácticas agrícolas basadas en el diálogo de saberes entre la ciencia moderna y las técnicas tradicionales de manejo y propone romper con los paradigmas de la Agricultura Convencional. En este contexto emergen prácticas tecnológicas que contribuyen a la generación de trabajo y renta, en actividades comunitarias, participativas, de bajo impacto económico y ambiental, incluyentes y socialmente movilizadoras. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo los productores agroecológicos de Paraíba han incorporado la Tecnología Social (CT) en sus sistemas y cómo las TS relacionadas con prácticas sostenibles han influido en los sistemas agrarios y el medio rural de Paraíba, acercándolos a las prácticas y principios agroecológicos. Con base en el análisis documental producido por los proyectos de desarrollo de Tecnología Social relacionados con el medio rural y por una investigación bibliográfica, se verificó que existe una concentración de proyectos en la región semiárida, vinculados al desarrollo de artefactos tecnológicos del agua y que, aunque existen varias experiencias y Proyectos Prometedores podrían ver incrementado su alcance e impacto si contaran con el apoyo y estímulo del Estado a través de políticas públicas permanentes para impulsar estas iniciativas.A Agroecologia traz em si a ideia de construção de práticas agrícolas fundamentadas no diálogo de saberes entre a ciência moderna e técnicas de manejo tradicionais e se propõe a romper com os paradigmas da Agricultura Convencional. Nesse contexto, surgem práticas tecnológicas que contribuem para a geração de trabalho e renda, em atividades comunitárias, participativas, de baixo impacto econômico e ambiental, inclusivas e socialmente mobilizadoras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar de que maneira produtores e produtoras agroecológicos na Paraíba tem incorporado Tecnologia Social (TS) em seus sistemas e de que modo a TS relacionada às práticas sustentáveis têm influenciado os sistemas agrários e o meio rural paraibano, tornando-os mais próximos das práticas e princípios agroecológicos. Com base na análise documental produzida por projetos de desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Social relacionadas ao ambiente rural e por uma pesquisa bibliográfica, verificou-se que há uma concentração de projetos no semiárido, ligados ao desenvolvimento de artefatos tecnológicos hídricos e que, embora existam diversas experiências e projetos promissores, poderiam ter sua capacidade de abrangência e impacto aumentados se recebessem o apoio e incentivo do Estado através de políticas públicas permanentes de fomento destas iniciativas

Global maps of soil temperature

Abstract Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications