Health-related quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the different geographical regions of Brazil : data from the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group

Background: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected. Results: We have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North- Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined. Conclusions: Our study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Associação entre ácido úrico e variáveis de risco cardiovascular em uma população não hospitalar

FUNDAMENTO: A associação entre ácido úrico (AU) e as variáveis de risco cardiovascular permanece controversa em estudos epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o AU, pressão arterial (PA), índices antropométricos e variáveis metabólicas em população não hospitalar estratificada por quintis de AU. MÉTODOS: Em estudo observacional transversal, foram avaliados 756 indivíduos (369M), com idade de 50,3 ± 16,12 anos, divididos em quintis de AU. Foram obtidos PA, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), AU, glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), creatinina (C). Foi calculada a taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGE) e considerada hipertensão arterial (HA) quando a PA &gt; 140x90 mmHg, sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) quando IMC &gt; 25 kg/m² e síndrome metabólica (SM) de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de SM. RESULTADOS: 1) Não houve diferença entre os grupos na distribuição por sexo e faixa etária; 2) Os maiores quintis de AU apresentaram maiores médias de idade (p < 0,01), IMC, CA (p < 0,01), PAS, PAD (p < 0,001), CT, LDL-c, TG (p < 0,01), C e TFGE (p < 0,001) e menor média de HDL-c (p < 0,001); 3) O grupo com maior quintil de AU mostrou maiores prevalências de HA, S/O e SM (p < 0,001); 4) Maiores percentuais dos menores quintis de insulina (p < 0,02) e de HOMA-IR (p < 0,01) foram encontrados nos menores quintis de AU; 5) Em análise de regressão logística, o AU e as variáveis que compõem a SM apresentaram-se associados à ocorrência de SM (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Maiores quintis de ácido úrico associaram-se a pior perfil de risco cardiovascular e a pior perfil de função renal na amostra populacional não hospitalar estudada

Associação entre ácido úrico e variáveis de risco cardiovascular em uma população não hospitalar Asociación entre ácido úrico y variables de riesgo cardiovascular en una población no hospitalaria Association between uric acid and cardiovascular risk variables in a non-hospitalized population

FUNDAMENTO: A associação entre ácido úrico (AU) e as variáveis de risco cardiovascular permanece controversa em estudos epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o AU, pressão arterial (PA), índices antropométricos e variáveis metabólicas em população não hospitalar estratificada por quintis de AU. MÉTODOS: Em estudo observacional transversal, foram avaliados 756 indivíduos (369M), com idade de 50,3 ± 16,12 anos, divididos em quintis de AU. Foram obtidos PA, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), AU, glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), creatinina (C). Foi calculada a taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGE) e considerada hipertensão arterial (HA) quando a PA > 140x90 mmHg, sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) quando IMC > 25 kg/m² e síndrome metabólica (SM) de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de SM. RESULTADOS: 1) Não houve diferença entre os grupos na distribuição por sexo e faixa etária; 2) Os maiores quintis de AU apresentaram maiores médias de idade (p FUNDAMENTO: La asociación entre ácido úrico (AU) y las variables de riesgo cardiovascular permanece controvertida en estudios epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre el AU, presión arterial (PA), índices antropométricos y variables metabólicas en población no hospitalaria estratificada por quintiles de AU. MÉTODOS: En estudio observacional transversal, se evaluaron a 756 individuos (369 hombres), con promedio de edad de 50,3 ± 16,12 años, divididos en quintiles de AU. Se obtuvieron PA, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia abdominal (CA), dosis de AU, glucosa, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicéridos (TG), creatinina (C). Se calculó la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGE) y considerada como hipertensión arterial (HA) cuando la PA > 140 x 90 mmHg, sobrepeso/obesidad (S/O) cuando IMC > 25 kg/m² y síndrome metabólico (SM) de acuerdo con la I Directriz Brasileña de SM. RESULTADOS: 1) no hubo diferencia entre los grupos en la distribución por sexo y grupo de edad; 2) los mayores quintiles de AU presentaron mayores promedios de edad (p BACKGROUND: The association between uric acid (UA) and cardiovascular risk variables remains a controversial issue in epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between UA, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric indices and metabolic variables in a non-hospitalized population stratified by UA quintiles. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study evaluated 756 individuals (369 males), aged 50.3 ± 16.12 years, divided in UA quintiles. BP, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), UA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and creatinine (C) levels were obtained. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated and arterial hypertension (AH) was considered when BP > 140x90 mmHg, overweight/obesity (OW/O) was considered when BMI > 25 kg/m² and metabolic syndrome (MS) was established according to the I Brazilian Guideline of MS. RESULTS: 1) There was no difference between the groups regarding the distribution by sex and age range; 2) The highest UA quintiles presented higher mean age (p < 0.01), BMI, AC (p < 0.01), SBP, DBP (p < 0.001), TC, LDL-c, TG (p < 0.01), C and eGFR (p < 0.001) and lower mean HDL-c (p < 0.001); 3) The group with the highest UA quintile showed higher prevalence of AH, OW/O and MS (p < 0.001); 4) Higher percentages of the lowest quintiles of insulin (p < 0.02) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) were observed with the lowest quintiles of UA; 5) A logistic regression analysis showed that UA and the variables that compose MS were associated with the occurrence of MS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher quintiles of uric acid were associated with a worse cardiovascular risk profile and a worse kidney function profile in the non-hospitalized population sample studied