Hydraulic characteristics of smart reactor for a nominal condition

SMART (System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor) is an integral-type reactor being developed, which has major components including core, pumps, steam generators and a pressurizer inside the reactor vessel. In order to analyze the various safety features of the reactor, the quantification for the flow and pressure distributions are very important. A test facility, named “SCOP”, was designed based on the conservation of Euler number which is a ratio of pressure drop to dynamic pressure with a sufficiently high Reynolds number. In order to preserve the flow distribution characteristics, the SCOP is linearly reduced with a scaling ratio of 1/5. For the present work, a total of 9 tests were performed for a nominal SMART flow condition. By using the test results, a statistical final flow distribution for the SMART reactor were presented. The current data could be applied for the validation of a CFD analysis method as well as reactor safety and system performance analysesPaper presented at the 9th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Malta, 16-18 July, 2012

Hydraulic characteristics of smart reactor for a nominal condition

Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Malta, 16-18 July, 2012.SMART (System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor) is an integral-type reactor being developed, which has major components including core, pumps, steam generators and a pressurizer inside the reactor vessel. In order to analyze the various safety features of the reactor, the quantification for the flow and pressure distributions are very important. A test facility, named “SCOP”, was designed based on the conservation of Euler number which is a ratio of pressure drop to dynamic pressure with a sufficiently high Reynolds number. In order to preserve the flow distribution characteristics, the SCOP is linearly reduced with a scaling ratio of 1/5. For the present work, a total of 9 tests were performed for a nominal SMART flow condition. By using the test results, a statistical final flow distribution for the SMART reactor were presented. The current data could be applied for the validation of a CFD analysis method as well as reactor safety and system performance analyses.dc201

The Effective Lagrangian in the Randall-Sundrum Model and Electroweak Physics

We consider the two-brane Randall-Sundrum (RS) model with bulk gauge fields. We carefully match the bulk theory to a 4D low-energy effective Lagrangian. In addition to the four-fermion operators induced by KK exchange we find that large negative S and T parameters are induced in the effective theory. This is a tree-level effect and is a consequence of the shapes of the W and Z wave functions in the bulk. Such effects are generic in extra dimensional theories where the standard model (SM) gauge bosons have non-uniform wave functions along the extra dimension. The corrections to precision electroweak observables in the RS model are mostly dominated by S. We fit the parameters of the RS model to the experimental data and find somewhat stronger bounds than previously obtained; however, the standard model bound on the Higgs mass from precision measurements can only be slightly relaxed in this theory.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure included, uses JHEP.cls, extended introduction, added reference

Clinical and genomic assessment of PD-L1 SP142 expression in triple-negative breast cancer

Purpose: The SP142 PD-L1 assay is a companion diagnostic for atezolizumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We strove to understand the biological, genomic, and clinical characteristics associated with SP142 PD-L1 positivity in TNBC patients. Methods: Using 149 TNBC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples, tissue microarray (TMA) and gene expression microarrays were performed in parallel. The VENTANA SP142 assay was used to identify PD-L1 expression from TMA slides. We next generated a gene signature reflective of SP142 status and evaluated signature distribution according to TNBCtype and PAM50 subtypes. A SP142 gene expression signature was identified and was biologically and clinically evaluated on the TNBCs of TCGA, other cohorts, and on other malignancies treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Results: Using SP142, 28.9% of samples were PD-L1 protein positive. The SP142 PD-L1-positive TNBC had higher CD8+ T cell percentage, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte levels, and higher rate of the immunomodulatory TNBCtype compared to PD-L1-negative samples. The recurrence-free survival was prolonged in PD-L1-positive TNBC. The SP142-guided gene expression signature consisted of 94 immune-related genes. The SP142 signature was associated with a higher pathologic complete response rate and better survival in multiple TNBC cohorts. In the TNBC of TCGA, this signature was correlated with lymphocyte-infiltrating signature scores, but not with tumor mutational burden or total neoantigen count. In other malignancies treated with ICIs, the SP142 genomic signature was associated with improved response and survival. Conclusions: We provide multi-faceted evidence that SP142 PDL1-positive TNBC have immuno-genomic features characterized as highly lymphocyte-infiltrated and a relatively favorable survival

The IASLC/ITMIG thymic epithelial tumors staging project: Proposals for the T component for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors

Despite longstanding recognition of thymic epithelial neoplasms, there is no official American Joint Committee on Cancer/ Union for International Cancer Control stage classification. This article summarizes proposals for classification of the T component of stage classification for use in the 8th edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for malignant tumors. This represents the output of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and the International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group Staging and Prognostics Factor Committee, which assembled and analyzed a worldwide database of 10,808 patients with thymic malignancies from 105 sites. The committee proposes division of the T component into four categories, representing levels of invasion. T1 includes tumors localized to the thymus and anterior mediastinal fat, regardless of capsular invasion, up to and including infiltration through the mediastinal pleura. Invasion of the pericardium is designated as T2. T3 includes tumors with direct involvement of a group of mediastinal structures either singly or in combination: lung, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, chest wall, and phrenic nerve. Invasion of more central structures constitutes T4: aorta and arch vessels, intrapericardial pulmonary artery, myocardium, trachea, and esophagus. Size did not emerge as a useful descriptor for stage classification. This classification of T categories, combined with a classification of N and M categories, provides a basis for a robust tumor, node, metastasis classification system for the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control stage classification

Mechanical systems in the quantum regime

Mechanical systems are ideal candidates for studying quantumbehavior of macroscopic objects. To this end, a mechanical resonator has to be cooled to its ground state and its position has to be measured with great accuracy. Currently, various routes to reach these goals are being explored. In this review, we discuss different techniques for sensitive position detection and we give an overview of the cooling techniques that are being employed. The latter include sideband cooling and active feedback cooling. The basic concepts that are important when measuring on mechanical systems with high accuracy and/or at very low temperatures, such as thermal and quantum noise, linear response theory, and backaction, are explained. From this, the quantum limit on linear position detection is obtained and the sensitivities that have been achieved in recent opto and nanoelectromechanical experiments are compared to this limit. The mechanical resonators that are used in the experiments range from meter-sized gravitational wave detectors to nanomechanical systems that can only be read out using mesoscopic devices such as single-electron transistors or superconducting quantum interference devices. A special class of nanomechanical systems are bottom-up fabricated carbon-based devices, which have very high frequencies and yet a large zero-point motion, making them ideal for reaching the quantum regime. The mechanics of some of the different mechanical systems at the nanoscale is studied. We conclude this review with an outlook of how state-of-the-art mechanical resonators can be improved to study quantum {\it mechanics}.Comment: To appear in Phys. Re

Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

The detection of gravitational waves with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo has enabled novel tests of general relativity, including direct study of the polarization of gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for only two tensor gravitational-wave polarizations, general metric theories can additionally predict two vector and two scalar polarizations. The polarization of gravitational waves is encoded in the spectral shape of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, formed by the superposition of cosmological and individually unresolved astrophysical sources. Using data recorded by Advanced LIGO during its first observing run, we search for a stochastic background of generically polarized gravitational waves. We find no evidence for a background of any polarization, and place the first direct bounds on the contributions of vector and scalar polarizations to the stochastic background. Under log-uniform priors for the energy in each polarization, we limit the energy densities of tensor, vector, and scalar modes at 95% credibility to Ω0T<5.58×10-8, Ω0V<6.35×10-8, and Ω0S<1.08×10-7 at a reference frequency f0=25 Hz. © 2018 American Physical Society

Erratum: "A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo" (2021, ApJ, 909, 218)

[no abstract available

Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 in the second Advanced LIGO observing run with an improved hidden Markov model

We present results from a semicoherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass x-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to track spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of LIGO data by using an improved frequency domain matched filter, the J-statistic, and by analyzing data from Advanced LIGO's second observing run. In the frequency range searched, from 60 to 650 Hz, we find no evidence of gravitational radiation. At 194.6 Hz, the most sensitive search frequency, we report an upper limit on gravitational wave strain (at 95% confidence) of h095%=3.47×10-25 when marginalizing over source inclination angle. This is the most sensitive search for Scorpius X-1, to date, that is specifically designed to be robust in the presence of spin wandering. © 2019 American Physical Society

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected by Fermi and Swift during the LIGO-Virgo Run O3b

We search for gravitational-wave signals associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi and Swift satellites during the second half of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (2019 November 1 15:00 UTC-2020 March 27 17:00 UTC). We conduct two independent searches: A generic gravitational-wave transients search to analyze 86 GRBs and an analysis to target binary mergers with at least one neutron star as short GRB progenitors for 17 events. We find no significant evidence for gravitational-wave signals associated with any of these GRBs. A weighted binomial test of the combined results finds no evidence for subthreshold gravitational-wave signals associated with this GRB ensemble either. We use several source types and signal morphologies during the searches, resulting in lower bounds on the estimated distance to each GRB. Finally, we constrain the population of low-luminosity short GRBs using results from the first to the third observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. The resulting population is in accordance with the local binary neutron star merger rate. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society