Parentalidade em Casos de Adoção Monoparental.

Biasutti, C. M. (2016). Parentalidade em casos de adoção monoparental. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo. Tendo em vista as mudanças sociais ocorridas ao longo das últimas décadas no que tange à organização das famílias e aos papéis atribuídos às mulheres e aos homens, e a discussão atual sobre o conceito de família na sociedade brasileira, legitimando as organizações familiares que divergem do modelo tradicional, a presente pesquisa entende a importância de se estudar a família monoparental adotiva e suas especificidades, com o intuito de verificar como esta exerce a parentalidade. O presente estudo, de enfoque qualitativo-descritivo, objetivou investigar como ocorreu a adoção para famílias monoparentais e conhecer e descrever a vivência da parentalidade nas famílias estudadas, considerando as dimensões propostas pelo Modelo da Parentalidade de Hoghughi. Participaram da pesquisa quatro mães e um pai adotivos, na faixa etária entre 31 e 56 anos de idade, cujos filhos tinham entre 3 e 12 anos de idade. Foi estabelecido como critério de inclusão que a criança tivesse até 12 anos e que estivesse com a família há pelo menos um ano. Os participantes responderam a um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, construído com base em investigações similares realizadas anteriormente, composto por temas referentes à adoção e a parentalidade. Todos os participantes aceitaram participar voluntariamente da pesquisa e assinaram a um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Como resultados principais, foi verificado que a motivação dos participantes para adotar uma criança era advinda do desejo destes em constituir ou ampliar a família e ser pai ou mãe, e que este desejo não tinha relação com a infertilidade biológica. Em todos os casos foi verificado o acolhimento e apoio da família extensa. Todos os participantes buscaram a Vara da Infância e Juventude para a realização do processo de adoção. Observou-se que a espera pela criança foi um momento de preparação emocional e financeira para o acolhimento do novo membro na família e que medos e ansiedades relacionados ao processo adotivo foram vivenciados. A adaptação das crianças às famílias entrevistadas ocorreu em curto espaço de tempo, embora todos os cuidadores tenham mencionado a necessidade de adaptação de sua rotina à nova situação familiar. Quanto à parentalidade, observou-se que todos os participantes realizavam práticas de cuidados físicos, emocionais e sociais com as crianças, incentivando-as e estimulando-as em seu desenvolvimento, bem como impondo regras e limites quando necessário. Os participantes demonstraram-se atentos às necessidades de seus filhos e motivados a atendê-las. A dedicação de um tempo exclusivo para a criança foi destacado como uma prioridade das famílias. Foram percebidos alguns desafios quanto a monoparentalidade, que foram superados na prática diária de cuidados com a criança e pela presença e auxílio de uma rede de apoio, que envolvia prioritariamente a família extensa, embora contasse também com amigos e contratações de serviços. O desenvolvimento de competências e mudanças nos participantes também foram destacadas. Concluiu-se que as famílias monoparentais atendiam as dimensões propostas no Modelo da Parentalidade, e apesar de apresentarem alguns desafios específicos desse modelo familiar, estes eram superados pelos pais. Segundo o que foi relatado, pôde-se constatar que as famílias monoparentais estudadas forneciam um ambiente adequado para o desenvolvimento das crianças e que a vivência da parentalidade promovia o desenvolvimento dos pais adotivos

APORTES DE CRUZAS DE LÍNEAS TEMPLADAS Y TROPICALES DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.) EN AMBIENTES DE SIEMBRA TARDÍA EN LA REGIÓN CENTRAL DE ARGENTINA

Corn plays an important economic role throughout the world. It is one of the most widely used cereals as a basis for human and/or animal food and as a supply of raw materials for energy production and industry. Despite its tropical origin, maize is grown in very diverse environments. In fact, the planting area covers a wide range of latitudes, from 58o north latitude in Canada to 40o south latitude in Argentina and Chile (Fischer et al., 2014). In Argentina, the main constraint for maize production is water availability. Maize production has moved away from the traditional temperate production zone towards semi-arid environments and late planting dates (<700 mm per year) with a higher frequency of heat stress events (Maddonni, 2012). Farmers have implemented this practice to reduce the risk of water deficit during the critical flowering period (Otegui, 2021) despite the decrease in environmental conditions (radiation and temperature) for crop growth during the reproductive period. Commercially, the hybrids that lead the preferences of corn producers were characterized by being the product of crossing temperate lines. However, the advantages of tropical corn hybrids have been promoted because they can show greater adaptation to the environment when the optimal planting date is delayed (Valentinuz et al., 2009). El maíz desempeña un papel económico importante en todo el mundo. Es uno de los cereales más utilizados como base para la alimentación humana y/o animal y como suministro de materias primas para la producción de energía y la industria. A pesar de su origen tropical, el maíz se cultiva en entornos muy diversos. De hecho, el área de siembra cubre un amplio rango de latitudes, desde los 58o de latitud norte en Canadá hasta los 40o de latitud sur en Argentina y Chile (Fischer et al., 2014). En Argentina, la principal limitación para la producción de maíz es la disponibilidad de agua. La producción de maíz se ha alejado de la zona templada de producción tradicional hacia ambientes semiáridos y fechas de siembra tardías (<700 mm por año) con una mayor frecuencia de eventos de estrés térmico (Maddonni, 2012). Los agricultores han implementado esta práctica para reducir el riesgo de déficit hídrico durante el periodo crítico de floración (Otegui, 2021) a pesar de la disminución de las condiciones ambientales (radiación y temperatura) para el crecimiento de los cultivos durante el periodo reproductivo. Comercialmente, los híbridos que lideran las preferencias de los productores de maíz se caracterizaron por ser producto del cruzamiento de líneas templadas. Sin embargo, se han promovido las ventajas de los híbridos tropicales de maíz ya que pueden mostrar mayor adaptación al medio cuando se retrasa la fecha óptima de siembra (Valentinuz et al., 2009). A pesar de las mejoras genéticas, los materiales tropicales siguen teniendo un potencial de rendimiento inferior al de los materiales templados (Ortiz et al., 2010). Como resultado, algunos mejoradores han producido híbridos comerciales cruzando individuos de grupos heteróticos de origen templado con otros de origen tropical (por ejemplo, híbridos templados por tropicales). Así, es posible combinar las características de alto potencial de rendimiento con las de mejor adaptación a ambientes tropicales (Abadassi y Hervé, 2000; Vasic et al., 2006; Whitehead et al., 2006). Además, Rattalino y Otegui, (2013) concluyen que el fondo genético tropical no compromete el rendimiento potencial y confiere mayor capacidad para soportar los efectos del calor. Sobre la base de esta información, se planteó la hipótesis que los híbridos con germoplasma tropical o templado por tropical producirían rendimientos superiores a los híbridos con germoplasma templado en condiciones secas en épocas de siembra tardía. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento del germoplasma tropical en híbridos de maíz en siembras tardías

Art for ages: the effects of group music making on the wellbeing of nursing home residents

In many countries, life expectancy has increased considerably in past years, and the importance of finding ways to ensure good levels of wellbeing through aging has become more important than ever. Arts based interventions are promising in this respect, and the literature suggests that musical activities can reduce isolation and anxiety and foster feelings of achievement and self-confidence. The present study examined the effects of group music making programs on the health and wellbeing of nursing home residents in Southern Switzerland. A team of professional and student musicians delivered 10 weekly music sessions in four nursing homes, focusing on singing, rhythm-based activities with percussion instruments, and listening to short, live performances. 22 participants (16 women and 6 men, aged 72-95 years, mean 83.6, SD ± 6.9) were recruited to take part in the study and were interviewed after the last music session. The data were analyzed with thematic analysis to investigate how residents experienced group music making and its effects. The findings show that the music programs were beneficial for residents’ wellbeing. Music plays an important role in their lives, both in their pasts and presently, and being involved in musical activities offers engagement and novelty in daily life, providing learning opportunities and facilitating interpersonal relationships. Moreover, these results were due to interactions with the musicians involved. Residents particularly appreciated the opportunity to listen to live performances as part of the sessions. This study suggests that nursing home residents value music and that music based interventions play an important and direct role in enhancing their wellbeing

EVALUACIÓN DEL EFECTO DE LAS PROPIEDADES DEL ALMIDÓN SOBRE LA CALIDAD DE PASTAS LIBRES DE GLUTEN ELABORADAS CON VARIEDADES DE POLINIZACIÓN LIBRE DE MAÍZ

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el efecto de las propiedades del almidón sobre la aptitud de diferentes genotipos de maíz de polinización libre para la obtención de pasta libre de glute

Model uncertainties in climate change impacts on Sahel precipitation in ensembles of CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations

The impact of climate change on Sahel precipitation suffers from large uncertainties and is strongly model-dependent. In this study, we analyse sources of inter-model spread in Sahel precipitation change by decomposing precipitation into its dynamic and thermodynamic terms, using a large set of climate model simulations. Results highlight that model uncertainty is mostly related to the response of the atmospheric circulation to climate change (dynamic changes), while thermodynamic changes are less uncertain among climate models. Uncertainties arise mainly because the models simulate different shifts in atmospheric circulation over West Africa in a warmer climate. We linked the changes in atmospheric circulation to the changes in Sea Surface Temperature, emphasising that the Northern hemispheric temperature gradient is primary to explain uncertainties in Sahel precipitation change. Sources of Sahel precipitation uncertainties are shown to be the same in the new generation of climate models (CMIP6) as in the previous generation of models (CMIP5)

Monsoons climate change assessment

Monsoon rainfall has profound economic and societal impacts for more than two-thirds of the global population. Here we provide a review on past monsoon changes and their primary drivers, the projected future changes, and key physical processes, and discuss challenges of the present and future modeling and outlooks. Continued global warming and urbanization over the past century has already caused a significant rise in the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in all monsoon regions (high confidence). Observed changes in the mean monsoon rainfall vary by region with significant decadal variations. Northern Hemisphere land monsoon rainfall as a whole declined from 1950 to 1980 and rebounded after the 1980s, due to the competing influences of internal climate variability and radiative forcing from greenhouse gases and aerosol forcing (high confidence); however, it remains a challenge to quantify their relative contributions. The CMIP6 models simulate better global monsoon intensity and precipitation over CMIP5 models, but common biases and large intermodal spreads persist. Nevertheless, there is high confidence that the frequency and intensity of monsoon extreme rainfall events will increase, alongside an increasing risk of drought over some regions. Also, land monsoon rainfall will increase in South Asia and East Asia (high confidence) and northern Africa (medium confidence), decrease in North America, and be unchanged in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the Asian–Australian monsoon region, the rainfall variability is projected to increase on daily to decadal scales. The rainy season will likely be lengthened in the Northern Hemisphere due to late retreat (especially over East Asia), but shortened in the Southern Hemisphere due to delayed onset

Future evolution of the Sahel precipitation zonal contrast in CESM1

The main focus of this study is the zonal contrast of the Sahel precipitation shown in the CMIP5 climate projections: precipitation decreases over the western Sahel (i.e., Senegal and western Mali) and increases over the central Sahel (i.e., eastern Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). This zonal contrast in future precipitation change is a robust model response to climate change but suffers from a lack of an explanation. To this aim, we study the impact of current and future climate change on Sahel precipitation by using the Large Ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). In CESM1, global warming leads to a strengthening of the zonal contrast, as shown by the difference between the 2060–2099 period (under a high emission scenario) and the 1960–1999 period (under the historical forcing). The zonal contrast is associated with dynamic shifts in the atmospheric circulation. We show that, in absence of a forced response, that is, when only accounting for internal climate variability, the zonal contrast is associated with the Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans variability. However, future patterns in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are not necessary to explaining the projected strengthening of the zonal contrast. The mechanisms underlying the simulated changes are elucidated by analysing a set of CMIP5 idealised simulations. We show the increase in precipitation over the central Sahel to be mostly associated with the surface warming over northern Africa, which favour the displacement of the monsoon cell northwards. Over the western Sahel, the decrease in Sahel precipitation is associated with a southward shift of the monsoon circulation, and is mostly due to the warming of the SST. These two mechanisms allow explaining the zonal contrast in precipitation change

Respective impacts of Arctic sea ice decline and increasing greenhouse gases concentration on Sahel precipitation

The impact of climate change on Sahel precipitation is uncertain and has to be widely documented. Recently, it has been shown that Arctic sea ice loss leverages the global warming effects worldwide, suggesting a potential impact of Arctic sea ice decline on tropical regions. However, defining the specific roles of increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration and declining Arctic sea ice extent on Sahel climate is not straightforward since the former impacts the latter. We avoid this dependency by analysing idealized experiments performed with the CNRM-CM5 coupled model. Results show that the increase in GHG concentration explains most of the Sahel precipitation change. We found that the impact due to Arctic sea ice loss depends on the level of atmospheric GHG concentration. When the GHG concentration is relatively low (values representative of 1980s), then the impact is moderate over the Sahel. However, when the concentration in GHG is levelled up, then Arctic sea ice loss leads to increased Sahel precipitation. In this particular case the ocean-land meridional gradient of temperature strengthens, allowing a more intense monsoon circulation. We linked the non-linearity of Arctic sea ice decline impact with differences in temperature and sea level pressure changes over the North Atlantic Ocean. We argue that the impact of the Arctic sea ice loss will become more relevant with time, in the context of climate change

Monsoons: global energetics and local physics as drivers of past, present and future monsoons

Global constraints on momentum and energy govern the structure of the zonal mean tropical circulation and rainfall. The continental-scale monsoon systems are also facets of a momentum- and energy-constrained global circulation, but their modern and paleo variability deviates substantially from that of the longitudinal mean through mechanisms neither fully understood nor well simulated. A framework grounded in global constraints yet encompassing the complexities of monsoon dynamics is needed to identify the causes of mismatch between theory, models, and observations and, ultimately, improve regional climate projection. In a first step towards this goal, disparate regional processes must be distilled into gross measures of energy flow in and out of continents and from the surface to the tropopause, so that monsoon dynamics may be coherently diagnosed across modern and paleo observations and across idealized and comprehensive simulations. Accounting for zonal asymmetries in the circulation, land/ocean differences in surface fluxes, and the character of convective systems, such a monsoon framework would integrate our understanding at all relevant scales: from the fine details of how moisture and energy are lifted in the updrafts of thunderclouds, up to the global circulations

Propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and scale interaction with the diurnal cycle in a high-resolution GCM

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the chief source of tropical intra-seasonal variability, but is simulated poorly by most state-of-the-art GCMs. Common errors include a lack of eastward propagation at the correct frequency and zonal extent, and too small a ratio of eastward- to westward-propagating variability. Here it is shown that HiGEM, a high-resolution GCM, simulates a very realistic MJO with approximately the correct spatial and temporal scale. Many MJO studies in GCMs are limited to diagnostics which average over a latitude band around the equator, allowing an analysis of the MJO’s structure in time and longitude only. In this study a wider range of diagnostics is applied. It is argued that such an approach is necessary for a comprehensive analysis of a model’s MJO. The standard analysis of Wheeler and Hendon (Mon Wea Rev 132(8):1917–1932, 2004; WH04) is applied to produce composites, which show a realistic spatial structure in the MJO envelopes but for the timing of the peak precipitation in the inter-tropical convergence zone, which bifurcates the MJO signal. Further diagnostics are developed to analyse the MJO’s episodic nature and the “MJO inertia” (the tendency to remain in the same WH04 phase from one day to the next). HiGEM favours phases 2, 3, 6 and 7; has too much MJO inertia; and dies out too frequently in phase 3. Recent research has shown that a key feature of the MJO is its interaction with the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent. This interaction is present in HiGEM but is unrealistically weak