Model Ketahanan Kelompok Tani pada Wilayah dan Komoditas yang Berbeda di Jawa

The Green Revolutions failure caused many farmer groups to cease their activities, even though they had to fulfill many needs. This situation created a need to develop a model for group survival. With those afore mentioned background, this research was conducted. Data was collected in September and October 2005 involving rice, soybean, corn and vegetables farmer groups in the east, central and west Java. The research findings pointed out that there was a relationship between the group survival and their adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency functions. The group survival rates were higher in central and east Java than in west Java. Additionally, the vegetable and rice farmer group survival rates were higher than the soybean and corn farmer groups. The adaptation, the goal attainment and the integration functions were more strategic for farmer groups in the west and east Java and also for vegetable farmer groups such as soybean and corn group wereas the strategic function were adaptation and integration

Smart manufacturing of electric vehicles

International Symposium for Production Research, ISPR 2020 -- 24 September 2020 through 26 September 2020 -- -- 250869The future of the manufacturing sector is evolving with the Industry 4.0, and its repercussions are felt in the factory, the business, product launch and also impacts customer aspects in the overall cycle. These technological innovations create opportunities for new disruptive entries to the market, for instance in automotive manufacturing. It is well known that the automotive industry is under the control of large OEMs since the very beginning. It is very difficult to compete as a newcomer because the production process of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the chassis require high technology, investment, and a well-defined supply chain that create a monopolistic environment for the sector. Therefore, we propose a microfactory concept as a novel manufacturing method that allows a quicker entry for new players in the automotive industry especially for electric vehicles (EVs). The microfactory described in this paper, presents an alternative solution to overcome the existing monopolies with the electric motor, a tubular chassis allows for lean manufacturing, and a novel supply chain model. Digital transformation shows itself in production systems by Industry 4.0 applications and more recently in the blockchain-based supply chain applications are being investigated. Further, a detailed cost analysis to compare conventional car manufacturing and microfactory concept EV manufacturing are presented. In addition, the blockchain technology is proposed to improve the supply chain of EV manufacturing. This study indicates that the microfactory provides flexible and customized production of urban electric vehicles minimizing both ecological footprint and total investment. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Phase Diagram, Density, And Current Density Profiles Of Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process For A Junction With Two Entrances and Two Exits

A dynamical model called the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) in one dimension (1D) is a widely-held particle hopping model which has developed into a reference model for studying non-equilibrium driven systems in particular transport phenomena. In this study, the TASEP is extended for a case of a junction with two entrances and two exits. The model is specified by a dynamical rule and boundary conditions. The dynamical rule determines the movement of particles and in this case the sequential updating dynamics is applied. The boundary condition used is the open boundary conditions, where particles may enter or exit the lattice sites. The density of the TASEP is governed by a continuity equation, which is solved numerically, such that a phase diagram and the current density profiles are obtained. The result shows that there are ten density phases produced, viz.: low density, high density, coexistence phase, maximal current, low density-low density, high density-high density, high density-maximal current, low density-maximal current, maximal current-high density, and maximal current-low density. The current density is generally constant throughout the lattice sites, except at the junction where a spike occurs. Keywords: current density profile, density profile, open boundary condition, phase diagram, sequential updating dynamics

The impact of deregulation and re-regulation on bank efficiency: evidence from Asia

Following the 1997 crisis, banking sector reforms in Asia have been characterised by the emphasis on prudential regulation, associated with increased financial liberalisation. Using a panel data set of commercial banks from eight major Asian economies over the period 2001-2010, this study explores how the coexistence of liberalisation and prudential regulation affects banks’ cost characteristics. Given the presence of heterogeneity of technologies across countries, we use a stochastic frontier approach followed by the estimation of a deterministic meta-frontier to provide ‘true’ estimates of bank cost efficiency measures. Our results show that the liberalization of bank interest rates and the increase in foreign banks' presence have had a positive and significant impact on technological progress and cost efficiency. On the other hand, we find that prudential regulation might adversely affect bank cost performance. When designing an optimal regulatory framework, policy makers should combine policies which aim to foster financial stability without hindering financial intermediation

Underpinning Sustainable Vector Control through Informed Insecticide Resistance Management

Background: There has been rapid scale-up of malaria vector control in the last ten years. Both of the primary control strategies, long-lasting pyrethroid treated nets and indoor residual spraying, rely on the use of a limited number of insecticides. Insecticide resistance, as measured by bioassay, has rapidly increased in prevalence and has come to the forefront as an issue that needs to be addressed to maintain the sustainability of malaria control and the drive to elimination. Zambia’s programme reported high levels of resistance to the insecticides it used in 2010, and, as a result, increased its investment in resistance monitoring to support informed resistance management decisions. Methodology/Principal Findings: A country-wide survey on insecticide resistance in Zambian malaria vectors was performed using WHO bioassays to detect resistant phenotypes. Molecular techniques were used to detect target-site mutations and microarray to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was resistant to pyrethroids,DDT and carbamates, with potential organophosphate resistance in one population. The resistant phenotypes were conferred by both target-site and metabolic mechanisms. Anopheles funestus s.s. was largely resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates, with potential resistance to DDT in two locations. The resistant phenotypes were conferred by elevated levels of cytochrome p450s. Conclusions/Significance: Currently, the Zambia National Malaria Control Centre is using these results to inform their vector control strategy. The methods employed here can serve as a template to all malaria-endemic countries striving to create a sustainable insecticide resistance management pla

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

Aedes aegypti is the vector of a wide range of diseases (e.g. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) which impact on over half the world's population. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been found to be highly efficacious in killing mosquito larvae but only now are the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis being elucidated. Recently it was shown that conidia of M. anisopliae caused stress induced mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, a different mode of pathogenicity to that normally seen in terrestrial hosts. Blastospores constitute a different form of inoculum produced by this fungus when cultured in liquid media and although blastospores are generally considered to be more virulent than conidia no evidence has been presented to explain why. In our study, using a range of biochemical, molecular and microscopy methods, the infection process of Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores was investigated. It appears that the blastospores, unlike conidia, readily adhere to and penetrate mosquito larval cuticle. The blastospores are readily ingested by the larvae but unlike the conidia are able infect the insect through the gut and rapidly invade the haemocoel. The fact that pathogenicity related genes were upregulated in blastospores exposed to larvae prior to invasion, suggests the fungus was detecting host derived cues. Similarly, immune and defence genes were upregulated in the host prior to infection suggesting mosquitoes were also able to detect pathogen-derived cues. The hydrophilic blastospores produce copious mucilage, which probably facilitates adhesion to the host but do not appear to depend on production of Pr1, a cuticle degrading subtilisin protease, for penetration since protease inhibitors did not significantly alter blastospore virulence. The fact the blastospores have multiple routes of entry (cuticle and gut) may explain why this form of the inoculum killed Ae. aegypti larvae in a relatively short time (12-24hrs), significantly quicker than when larvae were exposed to conidia. This study shows that selecting the appropriate form of inoculum is important for efficacious control of disease vectors such as Ae. aegypti

Long-Lasting Control of Anopheles arabiensis by a Single Spray Application of Micro-encapsulated Pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic(R) 300 CS).

Pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes are an increasing threat to malaria vector control. The Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management (GPIRM) recommends rotation of non-pyrethroid insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS). The options from other classes are limited. The carbamate bendiocarb and the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (p-methyl) emulsifiable concentrate (EC) have a short residual duration of action, resulting in increased costs due to multiple spray cycles, and user fatigue. Encapsulation (CS) technology was used to extend the residual performance of p-methyl. Two novel p-methyl CS formulations were evaluated alongside the existing EC in laboratory bioassays and experimental hut trials in Tanzania between 2008-2010. Bioassays were carried out monthly on sprayed substrates of mud, concrete, plywood, and palm thatch to assess residual activity. Experimental huts were used to assess efficacy against wild free-flying Anopheles arabiensis, in terms of insecticide-induced mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. In laboratory bioassays of An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus both CS formulations produced high rates of mortality for significantly longer than the EC formulation on all substrates. On mud, the best performing CS killed >80% of An. arabiensis for five months and >50% for eight months, compared with one and two months, respectively, for the EC. In monthly bioassays of experimental hut walls the EC was ineffective shortly after spraying, while the best CS formulation killed more than 80% of An. arabiensis for five months on mud, and seven months on concrete. In experimental huts both CS and EC formulations killed high proportions of free-flying wild An. arabiensis for up to 12 months after spraying. There was no significant difference between treatments. All treatments provided considerable personal protection, with blood-feeding inhibition ranging from 9-49% over time. The long residual performance of p-methyl CS was consistent in bioassays and experimental huts. The CS outperformed the EC in laboratory and hut bioassays but the EC longevity in huts was unexpected. Long-lasting p-methyl CS formulations should be more effective than both p-methyl EC and bendiocarb considering a single spray could be sufficient for annual malaria control. IRS with p-methyl 300 CS is a timely addition to the limited portfolio of long-lasting residual insecticides

Organizasyonlarda içerik yönetim sistemi seçimi için bir karar destek sistemi geliştirilmesi

Günümüzde bilgi güç olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Araştırmacılar; bilgi yönetimi üzerine çalışmalar yapmakta, kamuda ve özel sektörde doğru bilginin, doğru zamanda, doğru kişiye ulaştırılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Doğru karar alabilme, planlama yapabilme ve proaktif düşünebilme yöneticilerde aranan özellikler arasındadır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişimi, yöneticilerin karar alma sürecine de hız kazandırmıştır. Organizasyonlar uzman sistemler, karar destek sistemleri gibi teknolojilerden faydalanmaya başlamıştır. Eğitim, turizm, ticaret, sağlık gibi birçok sektörde yer alan çoğu organizasyonun elektronik dünyada kendilerini temsil ettikleri ve piyasada birçok alternatifinin bulunduğu bilgi teknolojilerden biri de İçerik Yönetim Sistemi - İYS (Content Management System - CMS) dir. Bu çalışmada, bir organizasyonun, piyasada mevcut alternatifler arasından kendine uygun bir İYS seçebilmesini sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, içinde İYS konusunda uzman kişilerin yer aldığı bir İçerik Yönetim Sistemi Seçimi Karar Destek Sistemi oluşturulmuştur

Drug excipient interaction study with polymorphic forms of tibolone.

Powder mixtures (1:1) of tibolone polymorphic forms I (monoclinic) and II (triclinic) and excipients have been prepared and compacted. The samples were stored at 50 °C and 90% RH for one month and subsequently were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that during the compaction, the applied pressure reduced the chemical stability of tibolone in both polymorph forms. The triclinic form was more chemically unstable, both pure and in contact with excipients, than the monoclinic form. Lactose monohydrate was shown to reduce chemical degradation for both forms. Ascorbyl palmitate was shown to affect the tibolone stability differently depending on the polymorphic form used.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Organophosphate Insecticide Oxon Protein Adducts

OBJECTIVE: Organophosphate (OP) insecticides continue to be used to control insect pests. Acute and chronic exposures to OP insecticides have been documented-to cause adverse health effects, but few OP-adducted proteins have been correlated with these illnesses at the molecular level. Our aim was to review the literature covering the current state of the art in mass spectrometry (MS) used to identify OP protein biomarkers. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION: We identified general and specific research reports related to OP insecticides, OP toxicity, OP structure, and protein MS by searching PubMed and Chemical Abstracts for articles published before December 2008. DATA SYNTHESIS: A number of OP-based insecticides share common structural elements that result in predictable OP-protein adducts. The resultant OP-protein adducts show an increase in molecular mass that can be identified by MS and correlated with the OP agent. Customized OP-containing probes have also been used to tag and identify protein targets that can be identified by MS. CONCLUSIONS: MS is a useful and emerging tool for the identification of proteins that are modified by activated organophosphate insecticides. MS can characterize the structure of the OP adduct and also the specific amino acid residue that forms the key bond with the OP. Each protein that is modified in a unique way by an OP represents a unique molecular biomarker that with further research can lead to new correlations with exposure