Chrysophyllum marginatum Radlk.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21537/thumbnail.jp

Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Engl.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21536/thumbnail.jp

Exclusive measurement of coherent eta photoproduction from the deuteron

Coherent photoproduction of eta mesons from the deuteron has been measured from threshold up to incident photon energies of 750 MeV using the photon spectrometer TAPS at the tagged photon facility at the Mainz microtron MAMI. For the first time, differential coherent cross sections have been deduced from the coincident detection of the eta meson and the recoil deuteron. A missing energy analysis was used for the suppression of background events so that a very clean identification of coherent eta-photoproduction was achieved. The resulting cross sections agree with previous experimental results except for angles around 90 deg in the photon-deuteron cm-system where they are smaller. They are compared to various model calculations.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Religious conversion among high security hospital patients: a qualitative analysis of patients’ accounts and experiences on changing faith

Research has shown the importance of religion in recovery from mental illness. Previous studies have investigated why individuals change faith during custody in prison, but there has been no research to date on religious conversion in forensic-psychiatric hospitals. The aim of this study was to understand the experience of religious conversion among patients detained in a UK secure hospital. Thirteen patients who had converted their religion were interviewed and the resultant data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three superordinate themes (‘reasons for changing faith’, ‘benefits of having a new faith’ and ‘difficulties with practising a faith’), incorporating eight subordinate themes, emerged. Understanding patients’ reasons for religious conversion is important for the treatment and support not merely of these individuals, but more broadly with patients in forensic psychiatric care

Photoproduction of pi0-mesons from nuclei

Photoproduction of neutral pions from nuclei (carbon, calcium, niobium, lead) has been studied for incident photon energies from 200 MeV to 800 MeV with the TAPS detector using the Glasgow photon tagging spectrometer at the Mainz MAMI accelerator. Data were obtained for the inclusive photoproduction of neutral pions and the partial channels of quasifree single pi0, double pi0, and pi0pi+/- photoproduction. They have been analyzed in terms of the in-medium behavior of nucleon resonances and the pion - nucleus interaction. They are compared to earlier measurements from the deuteron and to the predictions of a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model for photon induced pion production from nuclei.Comment: 15 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in EPJ

Health hazards of abattoir effluents discharged from the Sokoto central abattoir, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine the level of water pollution that can be attributed to effluents discharged from the Sokoto Central abattoir. Both surface and well water samples from the abattoir and adjacent wells were investigated to determine their microbial and physicochemical properties. Samples were collected from five different spots that include; effluents from the abattoir where visceral organs are washed (sample point A), two wells located in the adjacent livestock market (sample point B and C), drainage outside the abattoir (sample point D) and another well downstream the abattoir used for irrigation farming (sample point E). The values for pH, were 7.2, 8.0, 7.5 and 6.8 for all the sampling sites respectively. Similarly, the values of nitrate and BOD recorded were all within the acceptable limit except for point A which had nitrate (60.0 mgl-1) and BOD (26.8 mgl-1) above the acceptable limit. While the total coliforms, for sampling point A and D were found to be very high. There was a significant difference in the quality of water from the studied samples in comparison with the acceptable standard especially with respect to total coliform, BOD, COD, and nitrates. The findings from this study indicate that abattoirs have the potential to contaminate and pollute water sources which may produce a detrimental effect on the quality of groundwater despite the sieving process. Hence, measures should be taken to prevent locating abattoirs in close proximity to human dwellings. Similarly, for the existing ones encroached by human habitation, effective pollution control measures such as treatment of hazardous waste and minimizing the use of chemicals for industrial and agricultural purposes should be taken in order to preserve the quality of groundwater and minimize the potential resultant health effect caused by such contaminants. Keywords: Abattoir effluents, Health hazards, Sokoto State, Water quality, Waste wate

Markedly Divergent Tree Assemblage Responses to Tropical Forest Loss and Fragmentation across a Strong Seasonality Gradient

We examine the effects of forest fragmentation on the structure and composition of tree assemblages within three seasonal and aseasonal forest types of southern Brazil, including evergreen, Araucaria, and deciduous forests. We sampled three southernmost Atlantic Forest landscapes, including the largest continuous forest protected areas within each forest type. Tree assemblages in each forest type were sampled within 10 plots of 0.1 ha in both continuous forests and 10 adjacent forest fragments. All trees within each plot were assigned to trait categories describing their regeneration strategy, vertical stratification, seed-dispersal mode, seed size, and wood density. We detected differences among both forest types and landscape contexts in terms of overall tree species richness, and the density and species richness of different functional groups in terms of regeneration strategy, seed dispersal mode and woody density. Overall, evergreen forest fragments exhibited the largest deviations from continuous forest plots in assemblage structure. Evergreen, Araucaria and deciduous forests diverge in the functional composition of tree floras, particularly in relation to regeneration strategy and stress tolerance. By supporting a more diversified light-demanding and stress-tolerant flora with reduced richness and abundance of shade-tolerant, old-growth species, both deciduous and Araucaria forest tree assemblages are more intrinsically resilient to contemporary human-disturbances, including fragmentation-induced edge effects, in terms of species erosion and functional shifts. We suggest that these intrinsic differences in the direction and magnitude of responses to changes in landscape structure between forest types should guide a wide range of conservation strategies in restoring fragmented tropical forest landscapes worldwide

Ultrashort filaments of light in weakly-ionized, optically-transparent media

Modern laser sources nowadays deliver ultrashort light pulses reaching few cycles in duration, high energies beyond the Joule level and peak powers exceeding several terawatt (TW). When such pulses propagate through optically-transparent media, they first self-focus in space and grow in intensity, until they generate a tenuous plasma by photo-ionization. For free electron densities and beam intensities below their breakdown limits, these pulses evolve as self-guided objects, resulting from successive equilibria between the Kerr focusing process, the chromatic dispersion of the medium, and the defocusing action of the electron plasma. Discovered one decade ago, this self-channeling mechanism reveals a new physics, widely extending the frontiers of nonlinear optics. Implications include long-distance propagation of TW beams in the atmosphere, supercontinuum emission, pulse shortening as well as high-order harmonic generation. This review presents the landmarks of the 10-odd-year progress in this field. Particular emphasis is laid to the theoretical modeling of the propagation equations, whose physical ingredients are discussed from numerical simulations. Differences between femtosecond pulses propagating in gaseous or condensed materials are underlined. Attention is also paid to the multifilamentation instability of broad, powerful beams, breaking up the energy distribution into small-scale cells along the optical path. The robustness of the resulting filaments in adverse weathers, their large conical emission exploited for multipollutant remote sensing, nonlinear spectroscopy, and the possibility to guide electric discharges in air are finally addressed on the basis of experimental results.Comment: 50 pages, 38 figure

Photoproduction of mesons from nuclei - In-medium properties of hadrons

Recent experimental results for the in-medium properties of hadrons obtained with photoproduction of mesons from nuclei are discussed. The experiments were done with the TAPS detector at the tagged photon beam of the MAMI accelerator in Mainz. Measured were the final states $\pi^o X$, $\eta X$, $2\pi^oX$, and $\pi^o\pi^{\pm}X$ for $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{93}$Nb, and $^{208}$Pb up to the second resonance region. The results were used for an investigation of the in-medium properties of the P$_{33}$(1232), the P$_{11}$(1440), the D$_{13}$(1520), and the S$_{11}$(1535) resonances. It was found that the cross sections can be spilt into a component which originates from the low density surface region of the nuclei and a component which scales like the nuclear volume. The energy dependence of the surface component is strikingly similar to the deuteron, it shows a clear signal for the second resonance peak. The volume component is lacking this peak and shows an enhancement at intermediate energies. Furthermore the measurement of coherent $\eta$-photoproduction and the final state $p\pi^o$ from $^3$He is discussed in the context of the search for $\eta$-mesic nuclei.Comment: Proceedings of International School of Nuclear Physics, 26th Course, Lepton Scattering and the Structure of Hadrons and Nuclei, Erice-Sicily, Italy 16. - 24. September 2004, to be published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phy

RESTAURAÇÃO CATÓLICA NO SUL DO BRASIL

O cenário histórico que começou a ser desenhado pelas novas correntes do pensamento como o iluminismo, o enciclopedismo, o liberalismo, o racionalismo, o socialismo e outras, a partir do século dezoito, colocou a Igreja Católica diante de um desafio gigantesco. As monarquias de direito divino, os regimes de cristandade e de padroado vão dando lugar aos estados laicos que, ou prescindem da Igreja, ou a ignoram, ou a hostilizam, ou a combatem abertamente. A resposta da Igreja foi a implantação do Projeto da Restauração Católica. O Projeto resume-se essencialmente no retorno da Igreja à doutrina, à prática e à disciplina do Concílio de Trento sob o comando único de Roma e do Romano Pontífice. As estratégias para implantá-lo vão desde a rejeição ao governo laico na França (ultramontanismo), o combate ao Kulturkampf na Alemanha que resultou na expulsão dos jesuítas desse país, como os agentes mais ativos da Restauração Católica, até uma coexistência produtiva, com o Estado laico, como foi o projeto de Restauração Católica do cardeal Sebastião Leme para o Brasil. A implantação do Projeto da Restauração Católica no Brasil, de modo especial no Sul, teve como agentes mais marcantes os bispos da Arquidiocese de Porto Alegre, desde 1848, com seus titulares: D. Sebastião Dias Laranjeira, D. Cláudio Ponce de Leão, D. João Becker e D. Vicente Scherer. Uma dezena de ordens e congregações religiosas, com destaque para os jesuítas, foram os agentes decisivos para o projeto. Abstract The historical context that began to be defined by new trends of throught, such as the Enlightenment, Encyclopedism, Liberalism, Rationalism, Socialism and others, since the eighteenth century, offered the Church great challenges. Monarchies by divine right, Christendom, and padroado systems little by little are being replaced by laic states that either dispense with the Chrurch or they ignore it, or present themselves openly hostile to it. The Churchs response to this state of affaires was the implementation of the Catholic Restoration Project. Essentially, it can be summed up as the Churchs return to the doctrine, practices and discipline by the Council of Trent under the sole management of Rome and the Roman Pope. Strategies to establish it span throughout the years and they go from the rejection of the laic government in France (Ultramontanism), the expulsion of the Jesuits from Germany, as the most active agents for Catholic Restoration, and even to a productive coexistence with the laic State, such as the Project of Catholic Restoration Project of Cardinal Sebastião Leme, in Brazil. The implementation of the Project of Catholic Restoration in Brazil, especially in the South, had as its most remarkable agents in the Bishops of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre, since 1848, namely: D. Sebastião Dias Laranjeira, D. Cláudio Ponce de Leão, D. João Becker and D. Vicente Scherer. Several religious orders and congregations, especially the Jesuits, were the decisive agents of the Project