A Survey on the Social Status of the Library and Information Science Profession (Case Study: Librarians of Public Libraries of Guilan Province, Iran)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the social status of Library and Information Science from the point of view of librarians of public libraries in Guilan province, Iran. This research is an applied research and has been conducted through a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 199 librarians working in public libraries of Guilan province, Iran. Using Morgan\u27s table, 127 subjects were selected as sample size and 124 of them responded to the questionnaire. In order to assess the validity of the questionnaire, professors\u27 and library managers\u27 opinions were used and for reliability purposes, Cronbach\u27s alpha coefficient was used which had an acceptable reliability of 0.96. Findings showed that based on the views of librarians of public libraries, the social status of Library and Information Science is at weak and moderate levels. There is also a significant difference between the views of librarians on their social status in terms of gender and level of education. According to the results of this research indicating the low level of the social status of the Library and Information Science profession, it seems that the authorities and policymakers of this profession, on the one hand, and the librarians themselves, on the other hand, need to take more effective steps and decisions in order to promote the status of the field

Presentation of a Model for Survey of the Effective Factors on Procrastination of Employees in Organizations

In Century 21, due to the wide variety of environment and continual changes, effective individual and organizational management is encountered with considerable challenges. One of the challenges is procrastination phenomenon in organization. Latin term of procrastination is consisting of origins of “pro and “crastinus, meaning “put off till tomorrow”. This term is equal to postponing, delaying, or putting off. Various factors are effective on procrastination in the organization. The present study aimed to evaluate the effective factors on employees’ procrastination in the organizations. The recent researches considered the effective individual, environmental, and organizational factors on procrastination. The main approach of the present study is the evaluation of effective organizational factors on employees’ procrastination. The results of the study showed that the most important effective organizational factors on procrastination are unsuitable structure, extreme bureaucracy, evaluation system of unsuitable performance in the organization, having procrastinator managers and employees and the lack of supervision and control

The effect of disciplinary background and sporting history of Premier League football players on sport legal awareness

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between disciplinary background and sporting history of Premier League football players on their awareness of sports rights. In this study, descriptive-analytical method and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Questionnaires about variables were used to identify the sample group and the main questions about players' legal awareness were used for data collection. The results showed that Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.107, Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.204 and Kendall correlation coefficient was 0.139 and significant was 0.88. There is no relationship between awareness of sports law and the history of sports in the Premier League. Based on the results of correlation coefficient and investigation of the relationship of players' disciplinary background with sport rights awareness the test statistic value is -1.73 and p-value is 0.84, so the null hypothesis is not rejected at 0.05 level and therefore between sport rights awareness and No disciplinary record found

Flexible organic ion-gated transistors with low operating voltage and light-sensing application

ABSTRACT: Ion-gated transistors are attracting significant attention due to their low operating voltage (<1 V) and modulation of charge carrier density by ion-gating media. Here we report flexible organic ion-gated transistors based on the high mobility donor–acceptor conjugated copolymer poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl 4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']-dithiophen-2-yl)-alt[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4c]pyridine](PCDTPT) and the ionic liquid [1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] as the ion-gating medium. Electrical characteristics of devices made on both [rigid (SiO2/Si) and flexible (polyimide (PI))] substrates showed very similar values of hole mobility (∼1 cm2 V−1 s−1) and ON–OFF ratio (∼105). Flexible ion-gated transistors showed good mechanical stability at different bending curvature radii and under repetitive bending cycles. The mobility of flexible ion-gated transistors remained almost unchanged upon bending. After 1000 bending cycles the mobility decreased by 20% of its initial value. Flexible photodetectors based on PCDTPT ion-gated transistors showed photosensitivity and photoresponsivity values of 0.4 and 93 AW−1

Prognostic Value of KI6 Biomarker in Predict Short Time Prognosis of Low Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in HPV Negative and Positive Patients

Screening of cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in developing countries. Despite being preventable, but we have still some problems with the screening of this cancer. Recently, many studies have been done on immunohistochemistry to improve screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) as a precancerous lesion. But, the majority of the studies are based on cytological samples. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation KI-67 biomarker and HPV infection in predict short time prognosis in CIN as an alternative or auxiliary method to the current screening method in a different geographic population. This descriptive cohort prospective study included 40 patients with a diagnosis of CIN based on cervical punch biopsy samples after colposcopy examination. They were referred to the department of gynecology and oncology of an academic hospital, Mashhad University of   2016 to 2017. All samples were investigated for HR- HPV DNA with Cobas test and immunostaining for KI-67 biomarker. Finally, after one year follows up, the prognosis for all patients was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software program version 23.0 and Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Significant difference was found between HR-HPV positive and negative tests in KI-67 expression (P<0.001), but no significant difference was observed in reactivity level (P=0.5), also no significant difference was found in KI-67 expression in the metaplastic and non-metaplastic epithelium (P=0.88). KI-67 biomarker is recommended as complementary screening tests not alternative for differentiating in high risks patients with CIN1. The patients with low KI-67 / HR-HPV positive test could be offered for a less aggressive follow-up protocol

Solution-Processed Titanium Dioxide Ion-Gated Transistors and Their Application for pH Sensing

ABSTRACT: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is an abundant metal oxide, widely used in food industry, cosmetics, medicine, water treatment and electronic devices. TiO₂ is of interest for next-generation indium-free thin-film transistors and ion-gated transistors due to its tunable optoelectronic properties, ambient stability, and solution processability. In this work, we fabricated TiO₂ films using a wet chemical approach and demonstrated their transistor behavior with room temperature ionic liquids and aqueous electrolytes. In addition, we demonstrated the pH sensing behavior of the TiO2 IGTs with a sensitivity of ~48 mV/pH. Furthermore, we demonstrated a low temperature (120°C), solution processed TiO2-based IGTs on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, which were stable under moderate tensile bending

Prognostic Value of KI6 Biomarker to Predict Short Term Prognosis of Low Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Human Papilloma Virus Negative and Positive Patients

Background: Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in developing countries. Although this malignancy is preventable, problems exist with screening this cancer. Numerous studies have researched immunohistochemistry methods, such as the KI-67 biomarker as a proliferation marker, to improve screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as the precancerous phase of cervical cancer. These studies mostly screened cytological samples. In the current study, we sought to analyze the correlation between the KI-67 proliferative biomarker and HPV infection in order to predict short-time prognosis in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as an alternative or ancillary method to current screening methods. Our assessment was based on histologic samples from a different geographic population. Methods: This descriptive cohort prospective study included 40 patients diagnosed with low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based on cervical punch biopsy samples after colposcopy examination. We enrolled patients who referred to the Department of Gynecology- Oncology of an academic hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from 2016 to 2017. All low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia samples were investigated for HR-HPV DNA with the Cobas test and immunostaining for the KI-67 biomarker. After a one-year follow-up, we evaluated the prognosis for all patients based on liquid based cytology and HRHPV test. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23.0 and the Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results:We observed a significant difference between HR-HPV positive and negative tests in KI-67 expression (P<0.001), but there were no significant differences in reactivity level of cervical epithelium (P=0.5) and in KI-67 expressions in metaplastic and non-metaplastic epithelium (P=0.88). After one year, most low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases in group A that had a low staining KI-67 biomarker had evidence of regression. On the contrary, all cases with high grade KI-67 expression didn’t persist or progressed necessarily. Conclusion: The KI-67 biomarker is recommended as a complementary screening test, but not an alternative for triage of high-risk patients with low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Patients with low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/HR-HPV positive cervical samples and low staining KI-67 antigen could be offered a less aggressive follow-up protocol

The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and age, for 195 countries and territories. Methods We used data from vital registrations, vital registration samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy for the development status of regions and countries. Findings In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1.32 million (95% UI 1.27-1.45) deaths (440000 [416 000-518 000; 33.3%] in females and 883 000 [838 000-967 000; 66.7%] in males) globally, compared with less than 899 000 (829 000-948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis constituted 2.4% (2.3-2.6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared with 1.9% (1.8-2.0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21.0 (19.2-22.3) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16.5 (15.8-18-1) per 100 000 population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised death rate among GBD super-regions for all years of the study period (32.2 [25.8-38.6] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017), and the high-income super-region had the lowest (10.1 [9.8-10-5] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017). The age-standardised death rate decreased or remained constant from 1990 to 2017 in all GBD regions except eastern Europe and central Asia, where the age-standardised death rate increased, primarily due to increases in alcohol-related liver disease prevalence. At the national level, the age-standardised death rate of cirrhosis was lowest in Singapore in 2017 (3.7 [3.3-4.0] per 100 000 in 2017) and highest in Egypt in all years since 1990 (103.3 [64.4-133.4] per 100 000 in 2017). There were 10.6 million (10.3-10.9) prevalent cases of decompensated cirrhosis and 112 million (107-119) prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis globally in 2017. There was a significant increase in age-standardised prevalence rate of decompensated cirrhosis between 1990 and 2017. Cirrhosis caused by NASH had a steady age-standardised death rate throughout the study period, whereas the other four causes showed declines in age-standardised death rate. The age-standardised prevalence of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH increased more than for any other cause of cirrhosis (by 33.2% for compensated cirrhosis and 54.8% for decompensated cirrhosis) over the study period. From 1990 to 2017, the number of prevalent cases snore than doubled for compensated cirrhosis due to NASH and more than tripled for decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH. In 2017, age-standardised death and DALY rates were lower among countries and territories with higher SDI. Interpretation Cirrhosis imposes a substantial health burden on many countries and this burden has increased at the global level since 1990, partly due to population growth and ageing. Although the age-standardised death and DALY rates of cirrhosis decreased from 1990 to 2017, numbers of deaths and DALYs and the proportion of all global deaths due to cirrhosis increased. Despite the availability of effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and C, they were still the main causes of cirrhosis burden worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. The impact of hepatitis B and C is expected to be attenuated and overtaken by that of NASH in the near future. Cost-effective interventions are required to continue the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, and to achieve early diagnosis and prevention of cirrhosis due to alcohol-related liver disease and NASH. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Flexible Organic Electrolyte-Gated Transistors Using Liquid and Semi-Solid Electrolytes

RÉSUMÉ: Les transistors jouent un rôle essentiel dans la technologie moderne, servant de blocs de construction fondamentaux pour une vaste gamme d'appareils et de systèmes électroniques. Ce sont des composants clés dans les appareils électroniques, tels que les microprocesseurs et les puces de mémoire pour les alimentations, les amplificateurs et les circuits logiques numériques. Les transistors permettent aux appareils électroniques de traiter les informations avec plus de rapidité, d'efficacité et de précision, et ils sont essentiels au développement de technologies telles que les smartphones, les ordinateurs et les systèmes de télécommunications. Les matériaux organiques gagnent en importance dans la fabrication de transistors en raison de leurs propriétés exceptionnelles et de leurs avantages par rapport aux matériaux inorganiques conventionnels. Parmi les avantages notables, les matériaux organiques sont remarquablement flexibles, ce qui facilite le développement de dispositifs électroniques flexibles et étirables. Cela est particulièrement utile dans des applications telles que l'électronique portable et les dispositifs médicaux. De plus, les matériaux organiques sont relativement bon marché à produire et écologiquement durables, ce qui les distingue des matériaux inorganiques conventionnels. Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à la fabrication et à la caractérisation de transistors à grille électrolyte organique (EGTs). Dans les EGT, le remplacement des diélectriques conventionnels tels que le SiO2 par un électrolyte permet d'obtenir des basses tensions de fonctionnement (< 1 V) et une haute densité de transporteur de charge (~1015 cm-2). Dans la revue de la littérature, divers types d'électrolytes pour EGT sont présentés, cependant, d'autres approches sont nécessaires pour étudier l'effet de l'utilisation de différents types d'électrolyte sur les caractéristiques électriques des EGT. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons utilisé des semi-conducteurs organiques de poly[4-(4,4- dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophen-2-yl)-alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine] (PCDTPT) et poly(N-alkyldiketopyrrolo-pyrrole-dithienylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (DPP-DTT) et polymère conducteur poly(3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène) sulfonate de polystyrène (PEDOT:PSS) comme matériaux de canal. ABSTRACT: Transistors play an essential role in modern technology, serving as fundamental building blocks for a vast range of electronic devices and systems. They are key components in electronic devices, such as microprocessors and memory chips to power supplies, amplifiers, and digital logic circuits. Transistors enable electronic devices to process information with greater speed, efficiency, and accuracy, and they are critical to the development of technologies such as smartphones, computers, and telecommunications systems. Organic materials are gaining significant importance in transistor manufacturing owing to their exceptional properties and advantages over conventional inorganic materials. Among the notable advantages, organic materials are remarkably flexible, which facilitates the development of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. This is particularly useful in applications such as wearable electronics and medical devices. Additionally, organic materials are comparatively inexpensive to produce and environmentally sustainable, setting them apart from conventional inorganic materials. This PhD thesis is devoted to fabricating and characterizing organic electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs). In EGTs, replacing conventional dielectrics, like SiO2, with an electrolyte results in lowoperating voltages (< 1 V) and high charge carrier density (~1015 cm-2). In the literature review, various types of electrolytes for EGTs are presented, however, further approaches are required to study the effect of using different types of electrolytes on the electrical characteristics of EGTs. We utilized the following p-type organic semiconductors as channel materials: poly[4-(4,4- dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophen-2-yl)-alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine] (PCDTPT) and poly(N-alkyldiketopyrrolo-pyrrole-dithienylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (DPP-DTT) and conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The electrolytes in EGTs play a crucial role in the performance of the device. Investigating the properties of the electrolyte can help diagnosis the factors that affect the stability and reliability of EGTs and can help in identifying the optimal composition and structure for specific applications. Firstly, we investigated the electrical characterization of EGTs based on PCDTPT using the ionic liquid, (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI])), as an ion gating medium