In vitro digestion models for dietary phenolic compounds

The aim of this work was to develop in vitro digestion models for mimicking the physiological conditions of upper intestine and microbial conversions in the colon. The main emphasis was on the microbial metabolism of plant phenolic compounds: pure quercetin derivatives, pure anthocyanins and lignans from rye bran and flaxseed. When cereal samples are introduced to an in vitro colon a removal of digestible components, is needed. An enzymatic in vitro digestion model was developed for maximal starch removal from cereal samples. Pepsin, pancreatin and bile concentrations were optimized using an experimental design. Surprisingly, pepsin and bile also affected the extent of starch hydrolysis in synergy with pancreatin. 5-11 % of the original amount of starch remained in the residues of cereal products. Proteins were also partly hydrolysed. The in vitro enzymatic digestion model was used for the pretreatment of rye bran and flaxseed samples. An anaerobic in vitro colon model, conventionally used for the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, was developed further for studying pure of phenolic compounds. Human faecal microbiota from several healthy donors was used in the preparation of an inoculum. A low inoculum concentration was used for decreasing the metabolite concentration from the faecal background in the studies concerning pure flavonoids. A dense faecal suspension was suitable for the conversion of rye bran and flaxseed lignans to enterolactone when the plant matrix was present. Flavonoids were deconjugated and degraded to phenolic acids by faecal microbiota. Specific activities of the deconjugative enzymes from the faecal inocula reflected the deconjugation rates of flavonoids. Quercetin aglycone was converted to hydroxyphenylacetic acids, but not to methylated phenolic acids. The extent of metabolism was 60 %, showing that ring-fission was a dominating route in the microbial metabolism of quercetin. Anthocyanins also underwent similar conversion, but the estimated extent of metabolite formation was low (less than 5 %). Protocatechuic acid was identified, and a phenoxyacid or a phenoxyaldehyde was proposed, as ring-fission products of cyanidin. In addition, it was suggested that anthocyanins undergo conjugation with an unknown moiety of 85 mass units. This conjugate was observed for several anthocyanins. Enterolactone production from plant lignans proceeded steadily and slowly for 48 hours in the in vitro colon model using the dense (16.7 %) faecal suspension. Flaxseed lignan conversion to enterolactone was suppressed by the presence of rye matrix. The enterolactone-producing microbiota may be sensitive to non-physiological, low pH values caused by acidoc components from rye bran in the presence of microbiota. The presence of rye bran matrix did not interfere with enterolactone formation in an in vivo rat model. The difference in the response to the rye bran matrix may be due to the absorption of the released and metabolised compounds in rats. Rats may also adapt to the diet during their feeding period. This may have enhanced the enterolactone production, and may have further increased the difference between the bioactivity of the microbiota in the in vitro and in vivo models used in this study. Clinical human and animal trials describe end-point metabolism after adaptation to the test diet. The in vitro colon model assists in elucidation of the role of microbiota in the metabolical network of human digestive system and it helps in identification of the crucial reactions. Applications of this method can be extended from the studies of food components to pharmaceutical research.reviewe

Culture and social environment in the pre-colonial era

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KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL PADA PERWIRA TINGGI TNI YANG AKAN MENGHADAPI MASA PENSIUN

Masa pensiun bagi sebagian individu merupakan salah satu hal yang ditakuti oleh sebagianorang karena berkurangnya berbagai segi kemampuan dan aktivitas yang biasa dimiliki olehindividu tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat kecerdasan spiritual padaperwira TNI yang memasuki masa pension. Penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara bersifatterbuka dan terstuktur, dalam penelitian ini peneliti juga mengunakan observasi berstrukturdan non-partisipan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang PATI TNI AL yang berusia55 tahun dan akan memasuki masa pensiun serta berada dalam tahapan perkembanganyakni periode dewasa madya. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain memperlihatkan bahwakecerdasan spiritual yang tampak pada subjek adalah sikap ramah tamah, kedekatan,keingintahuan, kreativitas, penguasaan diri, dan religinya. Karena subjek memiliki minatuntuk bersosialisasi membuat subjek menjadi orang yang tetap mampu membuka diri danberadaptasi untuk lingkungan baru termasuk orang-orangnya dan aktivitasnya. Selain itudihasilkan pula faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecerdasan spiritual yaitu subjek sejakdulu memang selalu ingin melakukan hal-hal yang baik dalam kehidupannya, dan ini tidakberubah meskipun subjek sekarang telah pensiun.AbstractRetirement is one of the uncomfortable moment in life that should be faced by some peoplebecause when it happened a person will lose some of his/her skills and activities. The aim ofthis research is to know the spiritual intelligence in military personnel in facing hisretirement. The research is using open and structured interview, and also structuredobservation and non participant. A 55 years old military personnel who facing his retirementbecome this respondent. The result shows that the respondent has good spiritual intelligencesuch as in hospitality, close to surroundings, has good curiosity, creativity, having good selfcontrol,and religious. Because he is willing to socialize it disclose and adapt him into newsurroundings and activities. Beside that, factors influencing his spiritual intelligence are hiswillingness to do the best and closest to God

THE EFFECT OF ENGLISH KAMPONG ON SOCIETY SOCIAL-CULTURAL LIFE IN PARE-KEDIRI- EAST JAVA

. English kampong is a community who lives and communicates in English situated in Pelem and Tulungrejo Villages, Pare,Kediri, East Java. The establihments and  the increase of English kampong cause the effect on society  social-cultural life.The aim of this research is to find out the effect of English Kampong on society social-cultural life in Pelem and Tulungrejo villages.The theory used is theory of social and cultural change and the method applied is a qualitative research and method of data collecting is an interview and a questionnaire. The finding shows that the society experiences social and cultural change. The people’s value of togertherness, community service and obedience are descreasing.The care of qualification and the importance of education for their children and the society motivation to maintain local tradition are still high. The society are optimistic, pragmatic and materialistic. They tend to live individually and their participation to social activities is decreasing. The tradition of cleaning up the village and tradition relating to religion run well, and the economic tradition changes to be trader or enterpreneur. The infrastrcuture  and residential quality are good and the usage of technology for supporting life is maximum. Society does not place religion aspect as the only intention of life

Targeting the delivery of dietary plant bioactives to those who would benefit most : from science to practical applications

Open access via Springer Compact Agreement Acknowledgements This article is based upon work from COST Action FA1403 POSITIVe (Interindividual variation in response to consumption of plant food bioactives and determinants involved) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology; www.cost.eu). BdR is funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division. Funding COST Action FA1403-European Cooperation in Science and Technology (www.cost.eu).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Natural history and biomarkers of retinal dystrophy caused by the biallelic TULP1 variant c.148delG

Purpose To report clinical features and potential disease markers of inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) caused by the biallelic c.148delG variant in the tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) gene. Methods A retrospective observational study of 16 IRD patients carrying a homozygous pathogenic TULP1 c.148delG variant. Clinical data including fundus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were assessed. A meta-analysis of visual acuity of previously reported other pathogenic TULP1 variants was performed for reference. Results The biallelic TULP1 variant c.148delG was associated with infantile and early childhood onset IRD. Retinal ophthalmoscopy was primarily normal converting to peripheral pigmentary retinopathy and maculopathy characterized by progressive extra-foveal loss of the ellipsoid zone (EZ), the outer plexiform layer (OPL), and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) bands in the SD-OCT images. The horizontal width of the foveal EZ showed significant regression with the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the eye (p < 0.0001, R-2 = 0.541, F = 26.0), the age of the patient (p < 0.0001, R-2 = 0.433, F = 16.8), and mild correlation with the foveal OPL-ONL thickness (p = 0.014, R-2 = 0.245, F = 7.2). Modelling of the BCVA data suggested a mean annual loss of logMAR 0.027. The level of visual loss was similar to that previously reported in patients carrying other truncating TULP1 variants. Conclusions This study describes the progression of TULP1 IRD suggesting a potential time window for therapeutic interventions. The width of the foveal EZ and the thickness of the foveal OPL-ONL layers could serve as biomarkers of the disease stage.Peer reviewe

<em>In vitro</em> microbiotic fermentation causes an extensive metabolite turnover of rye bran phytochemicals

The human gut hosts a microbial community which actively contributes to the host metabolism and has thus remarkable effect on our health. Intestinal microbiota is known to interact remarkably with the dietary constituents entering the colon, causing major metabolic conversions prior to absorption. To investigate the effect of microbial metabolism on the phytochemical pool of rye bran, we applied an in vitro simulated colonic fermentation where samples were collected with intervals and analyzed by LC-MS based non-targeted metabolite profiling. The analyses revealed extensive metabolic turnover on the phytochemical composition of the bran samples, and showed effects on all the metabolite classes detected. Furthermore, the majority of the metabolites, both the precursors and the conversion products, remained unidentified indicating that there are numerous yet unknown phytochemicals, which can potentially affect on our health. This underlines the importance of comprehensive profiling assays and subsequent detailed molecular investigations in order to clarify the effect of microbiota on phytochemicals present in our everyday diet

do we understand individual variability?

Introduction: Phenolic acids are important phenolic compounds widespread in foods, contributing to nutritional and organoleptic properties. Factors affceting individual variability: The bioavailability of these compounds depends on their free or conjugated presence in food matrices, which is also affected by food processing. Phenolic acids undergo metabolism by the host and residing intestinal microbiota, which causes conjugations and structural modifications of the compounds. Human responses, metabolite profiles and health responses of phenolics, show considerable individual variation, which is affected by absorption, metabolism and genetic variations of subjects. Opinion: A better understanding of the gut-host interplay and microbiome biochemistry is becoming highly relevant in understanding the impact of diet and its constituents. It is common to study metabolism and health benefits separately, with some exceptions; however, it should be preferred that health responders and non-responders are studied in combination with explanatory metabolite profiles and gene variants. This approach could turn interindividual variation from a problem in human research to an asset for research on personalized nutrition.publishersversionpublishe

ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ АНАЛИЗА МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ В ДЕТСКОЙ ЛЕЙКОЗОЛОГИИ

Рассматриваются две информационные технологии, реализованные в виде соответствующих программных комплексов и предназначенные для анализа многомерных медико-биологических данных: первая – система анализа данных, реализующая комплекс разнообразных статистических и нейросетевых методов на основных стадиях обработки данных; вторая –  система классификации групп риска  пациентов на основе гибридной нечеткой классификационной модели, обеспечивающей построение нескольких подмножеств Парето-оптимальных компактных и хорошо интерпретируемых классифицирующих правил

Metabolite Pattern Derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Fermented Rye Foods and In Vitro Gut Fermentation Synergistically Inhibits Bacterial Growth

ScopeFermentation improves many food characteristics using microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Recent studies suggest fermentation may also enhance the health properties, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. The study aims to identify a metabolite pattern reproducibly produced during sourdough and in vitro colonic fermentation of various whole-grain rye products and how it affects the growth of bacterial species of potential importance to health and disease.Methods and resultsThe study uses Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSMZ 13890 strain, previously shown to favor rye as its substrate. Using LC-MS metabolomics, the study finds seven microbial metabolites commonly produced during the fermentations, including dihydroferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, and five amino acid metabolites, and stronger inhibition is achieved when exposing the bacteria to a mixture of the metabolites in vitro compared to individual compound exposures.ConclusionThe study suggests that metabolites produced by LAB may synergistically modulate the local microbial ecology, such as in the gut. This could provide new hypotheses on how fermented foods influence human health via diet–microbiota interactions.</p