Le rôle des territoires dans le développement des systèmes trans-sectoriels d'innovation locaux : le cas des smart cities

National audienceCet article s'intéresse à l'émergence des smart cities et aux problèmes de coordination des activités que rencontre l'innovation de services dans ce domaine. À l'appui d'une importante revue du courant de recherche sur les smart cities, l'article confronte les différentes visions du concept smart cities mises en avant par la littérature. Deux visions sont en particulier pointées, mais réfutées ici pour appréhender de manière plus pragmatique la ville intelligente. Après avoir dressé dans une première partie une typologie des services urbains censés incarner l'intelligence d'une ville, l'article souligne le rôle clef des plateformes économiques dans le développement des services urbains. À l'appui des cas smart grids et services de mobilités, l'article souligne dans une deuxième partie qu'il n'y a pas de transitivité directe entre les smart grids et les smart cities. Il focalise alors sur l'exemple du NFC (Near Field Communication), les services sans contact qui font actuellement l'objet de diverses expérimentations urbaines, pour examiner le rôle des acteurs de l'écosystème et leur capacité à constituer la plateforme économique de l'écosystème. Elle conclut qu'aucun des acteurs industriels, privés ou publics, n'a cette capacité, le territoire apparaissant comme le seul cadre coopératif susceptible d'initier une dynamique d'innovation collective. Une lecture simplifiée, appuyée par les exemples de villes françaises (Nice, Strasbourg, Bordeaux), des processus techniques et interactionnels nécessaires à la délivrance des services urbains NFC permet de conclure sur le rôle clef du territoire dans la coordination des acteurs de l'écosystème étudié. La ville, détentrice de la plateforme économique (ses services urbains et son territoire comme lieu d'exercice) nécessaire à l'émergence de l'écosystème, est identifiée comme seul acteur pivot susceptible d'initier une dynamique d'innovation collective

International Advertising Practices of Multinational Companies in Europe and the Middle-East

This thesis investigates the international advertising practices of a sample of multinational companies operating in Europe and the Middle East. It investigates whether, and how, multinational companies standardise the advertising executions deployed in the sampled markets. The objective of the study was to investigate the detailed forms of international advertising standardisation actually practised by the sampled companies, and establish how widely spread they were across the standardisation spectrum in terms of the standardisation practised. A content analysis model was designed to measure the similarities/differences among the advertisements of the sampled brands appearing in the selected markets. The model analysed whether the sampled companies standardised a number of key executional elements for the advertising executions in the selected markets. The sample for this study consisted of fifty-one multinational brands, and the number of countries investigated in this research was nine major European and Middle Eastern countries. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that the practice of modified or partial forms of advertising standardisation is widespread and that the practice of total standardisation is rare. It also showed that international advertising standardisation can take many forms in terms of what executional elements are standardised, the extent to which each of these elements are standardised and how this can vary across markets. The implications of these findings are important, and it is clear that to categorise all those companies that neither totally adapt nor totally standardise their advertising executions as being “modified” is of limited descriptive value. Since the practices of these companies can vary significantly, they should not be categorised as a homogeneous group. The sampled multinational companies were very flexible in the way they employed standardisation. Standardisation practices ranged from just standardising one executional element in the some national executions, to totally standardising executions in all markets. This demonstrates how flexible standardisation is and how it can be customised to a wide range of situations. The variables ‘product category’ and ‘country of origin of the multinational company’ were found to be key variables influencing the level of advertising standardisation practised by the sampled companies. Furthermore, the practices of the sampled companies indicated that standardised messages were more likely to be transferred among Western markets, than Western and Eastern markets. Another finding of this thesis is the demonstration, for the first time, that there exists a relationship between the key variables ‘product category’ and ‘host- market’. It was indicated that these two variables jointly influence the level of advertising standardisation practised by MNCs

Écosystèmes et modèles d’affaires : introduction

Ce numéro thématique propose une analyse des modèles d’affaires et des écosystèmes d’affaires basée simultanément sur les outils de la science économique et de la science de gestion. Il présente des travaux de recherche qui, à l’appui d’une approche originale couplant les concepts de modèles d’affaires et d’écosystèmes d’affaires, analysent la manière dont un système économique fait face à son environnement concurrentiel via l’innovation. À travers ces travaux, l’objectif de ce numéro est de ..

Écosystèmes et modèles d'affaires

Ce numéro thématique propose une analyse des modèles d'affaires et des écosystèmes d'affaires basée simultanément sur les outils de la science économique et de la science de gestion. Il présente des travaux de recherche qui, à l'appui d'une approche originale couplant les concepts de modèles d'affaires et d'écosystèmes d'affaires, analysent la manière dont un système économique fait face à son environnement concurrentiel via l'innovation. À travers ces travaux, l'objectif de ce numéro est de montrer que la mobilisation jointe des concepts de modèles d'affaires et d'écosystèmes d'affaires facilite l'analyse des nouveaux processus d'innovation comme la compréhension de la manière dont un système économique est organisé, géré ou évolue. Les communautés de chercheurs qui se sont tour à tour intéressés aux modèles d'affaires de l'innovation, à son écosystème, au management des droits de propriété de ses composantes, à ses effets d'apprentissage, etc., se sont pour la plupart intéressées à la manière dont un système économique adapte sa stratégie d'innovation à son environnement concurrentiel. Leurs travaux mobilisent cependant isolément soit le concept de modèle d'affaires, soit le concept d'écosystème d'affaires. Le présent numéro thématique cherche à montrer qu'au contraire, appréhender les dynamiques concurrentielles à l'œuvre et la manière dont les entreprises y font face appelle à une analyse jointe du modèle d'affaires et de l'écosystème de l'organisation ou du système étudié. Comme nous l'apprend la théorie des systèmes d'innovation (Carlsson et Stankiewicz, 1991 ; Dosi et al., 1988), les connexions entre les acteurs de la connaissance jouent un rôle central dans le succès, la performance, le développement et la pérennité d'un système économique

An easy-to-machine electrochemical flow microreactor: efficient synthesis of isoindolinone and flow functionalization

Flow electrochemistry is an efficient methodology to generate radical intermediates. An electrochemical flow microreactor has been designed and manufactured to improve the efficiency of electrochemical flow reactions. With this device only little or no supporting electrolytes are needed, making processes less costly and enabling easier purification. This is demonstrated by the facile synthesis of amidyl radicals used in intramolecular hydroaminations to produce isoindolinones. The combination with inline mass spectrometry facilitates a much easier combination of chemical steps in a single flow proces

Catalyst- and supporting electrolyte-free electrosynthesis of benzothiazoles and thiazolopyridines in continuousf flow

A catalyst- and supporting electrolyte-free method for electrochemical dehydrogenative C–S bond formation in continuous flow has been developed. A broad range of N‑ arylthioamides have been converted to the corresponding benzothiazoles in good to excellent yields and with high current efficiencies. This transformation is achieved using only electricity and laboratory grade solvent, avoiding degassing or the use of inert atmosphere. This work highlights three advantages of electrochemistry in flow, which is (i) a supporting electrolyte-free reaction, (ii) an easy scale‑ up of the reaction without the need for a larger reactor and, (iii) the important and effective impact of having a good mixing of the reaction mixture, which can be achieved effectively with the use of flow systems. This clearly improves the reported methods for the synthesis of benzothiazoles

Electrocoagulation as a green technology for phosphate removal from River water

The current study investigates the removal of phosphate from water using a new baffle plates aluminium-based electrochemical cell (PBPR) taking consideration the influence of key operating parameters. This new cell utilises perforated baffle plates as a water mixer rather than magnetic stirrers that require extra power to work. As this unit is new, a comprehensive study has been carried to assess it performance. This study also includes preliminary estimates of the reactor’s operating costs, the amount of H2 gas produced and the yieldable energy from it. SEM (scanning electron microscope) was used to investigate the influence of the electrocoagulation process on the morphology of the surface of aluminium electrodes, and an empirical model developed to reproduce the phosphate removal process. The results showed that 99% of phosphate was removed within 60 minutes of electrolysis at an initial pH (ipH) of 6, inter-electrode distance (ID) of 0.5 cm, current density (J) of 6 mA/cm2, initial concentration of phosphate (IC) of 100 mg/L, and minimum operating cost of 0.503 US $/m3. The electrochemical cell produced enough H2 gas to generate 4.34 kWh/m3 of power. Statistically, it was proved that the influence of the operating parameters on phosphate removal could be modelled with an R2 of 0.882, the influence of these operating parameters on phosphate removal following the order: t>J>IC>ipH >ID. Finally, SEM images showed that after several electrolysing runs, the Al anode became rough and nonuniform which could be related to the production of aluminium hydroxides

Iron removal, energy consumption and operating cost of electrocoagulation of drinking water using a new flow column reactor

The goal of this project was to remove iron from drinking water using a new electrocoagulation (EC) cell. In this research, a flow column has been employed in the designing of a new electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) to achieve the planned target. Where, the water being treated flows through the perforated disc electrodes, thereby effectively mixing and aerating the water being treated. As a result, the stirring and aerating devices that until now have been widely used in the electrocoagulation reactors are unnecessary. The obtained results indicated that FCER reduced the iron concentration from 20 to 0.3 mg/L within 20 min of electrolysis at initial pH of 6, inter-electrode distance (ID) of 5 mm, current density (CD) of 1.5 mA/cm2, and minimum operating cost of 0.22 US $/m3. Additionally, it was found that FCER produces H2 gas enough to generate energy of 10.14 kW/m3. Statistically, it was found that the relationship between iron removal and operating parameters could be modelled with R2 of 0.86, and the influence of operating parameters on iron removal followed the order: C0>t>CD>pH. Finally, the SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images showed a large number of irregularities on the surface of anode due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides