Catalytic upgrading of bio-oils by esterification

Biomass is the term given to naturally-produced organic matter resulting from photosynthesis, and represents the most abundant organic polymers on Earth. Consequently, there has been great interest in the potential exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable feedstock for energy, materials and chemicals production. The energy sector has largely focused on the direct thermochemical processing of lignocellulose via pyrolysis/gasification for heat generation, and the co-production of bio-oils and bio-gas which may be upgraded to produce drop-in transportation fuels. This mini-review describes recent advances in the design and application of solid acid catalysts for the energy efficient upgrading of pyrolysis biofuels

A novel immunosensor based on fullerene C60 for electrochemical analysis of heat shock protein 70

This study illustrates the development of the biosensor for the determination of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). For this purpose, firstly the biosensor based on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with fullerene C-60. The anti-HSP70 was bound on fullerene C-60 layer by using the EDC/NHS couple. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were applied to characterize the immobilization of anti-HSP70 process and to determine the HSP70. In order to clarify the binding characterization of HSP70 and anti-HSP70, a single frequency impedance method was utilized, whereas the scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the surface morphology and Kramers-Kronig transform was implemented on impedance data. The biosensor exhibited good repeatability and reproducibility. The linear detection range of the developed biosensor was of 0.8 pg-12.8 pg/mL. Real human blood serum samples were analyzed by the biosensor and the results were also validated by using a reference method based on ELISA. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113 Z 678]This work was funded by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Project number: 113 Z 678) whose assistance is greatly acknowledged