Multiple Sclerosis and Schizophrenia

The psychiatric and neurological aspects of health may present methodological challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. This is especially true for patients whose symptoms indicate the coexistence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and schizophrenia (SCZ). These cases raise critical questions regarding the relationship between the mind and the brain. Studies have noted that patients with MS have an increased risk of developing SCZ or bipolar disorder (BD). It is suggested here that MS and a subgroup of SCZ have similar etiologies. Factors such as gender, ethnicity, geography and season also have an influence on the occurrence of MS and SCZ. This paper aims to examine the differences and similarities between SCZ and MS. For this purpose, scientific papers examining various factors associated with these disorders were reviewed, and similarities and differences in genetic, immunological, seasonal, geographical, and gender-related risk factors and limited similarities in ethnic factors between the two diseases were identified. The findings suggest that subgroups of these two diseases may belong to the same class of disorders

La asamblea como t?cnica para el desarrollo de la oralidad en los estudiantes del grado tercero de primaria de la institutci?n educativa Leonardo Posada Pedraza.

102 p. Recurso Electr?nicoLa investigaci?n cualitativa ?La asamblea como espacio did?ctico en el desarrollo de la oralidad?, est? inscrito en el proyecto Redescubrir la Escuela del programa de Lengua Castellana, tiene como prop?sito conocer las problem?ticas existentes al interior de las aulas de clase para implementar estrategias y t?cnicas de trabajo grupal que faciliten la reflexi?n-acci?n, para superar obst?culos interacci?nales en el entorno escolar y social. En este se describe y presenta el proceso aplicando el m?todo acci?n-participaci?n, mediante la observaci?n y recolecci?n de datos, realizado en la instituci?n educativa Colegio Leonardo Posada Pedraza grado tercero de primaria con 44 estudiantes entre 7 a 10 a?os de edad. Como es sabido los estudiantes al llegar a la escuela cuentan con una amplia experiencia de habla espont?nea e informal, pero estas no se evidencian en los usos formales m?s complejos, por esta raz?n, ellos requieren practicarlos de tal manera que se desenvuelvan pertinentemente en contextos reglados con el fin de mejor las capacidades verbales. El desarrollo adecuado de la oralidad, implica habla y silencio oportuno, establecer a qui?n dirigirse, c?mo hablar a personas con diferentes roles, cu?les son los comportamientos dentro de contextos y rutinas, mejorando as? las habilidades comunicativas. Para ello se mediatiza con la Asamblea, como t?cnica de discusi?n grupal, que pone al estudiante en situaci?n de habla formal. Demostrado que esta secuencia did?ctica puede desarrollase en cualquier nivel y situaci?n escolar, por su car?cter flexible, pues no pretende secuenciar la oralidad, sino establecer una gu?a de apoyo para que el estudiante potencie sus capacidades comunicativas.Qualitative research ?The assembly as educational didactic in the development of orality? he is enrolled in school rediscover project spanish language program, It aims to meet existing problems into classrooms to implement strategies and work techniques group to facilitate reflection and action, interactional overcoming obstacles in the school environment and social. This describes and presents the process applying the method action ? participation, through observation and data collection, at school Leonardo Posada Pedraza third grade forty- four students seven to eleven years old. As we know students to get to school have extensive experience spontaneous and informal talks, but these are not apparent in applications formal complex, for this reason, they require practicing such that unfold pertinently in situations regulated in order better verbal abilities. The proper development of orality, involves speaking and timely silence, establish where to turn, how to talk to people with different roles, which behaviors are within contexts and routines, improving communication skills. For it is mediated by the assembly, as a technique of group discussion, placing the student - formal speech. Demonstrated that this sequence didactic can develop at any level and school situation, its flexible nature, it is not intended sequence orality, but to establish a guide support for the student enhances their communication skills. Keywords: intervention, participatory action research, education, pedagogy, assembly, communicative competence, orality

Uncertainties in the land-use flux resulting from land-use change reconstructions and gross land transitions

Land-use and land-cover (LUC) changes are a key uncertainty when attributing changes in measured atmospheric CO2 concentration to its sinks and sources and must also be much better understood to determine the possibilities for land-based climate change mitigation, especially in the light of human demand on other land-based resources. On the spatial scale typically used in terrestrial ecosystem models (0.5 or 1°) changes in LUC over time periods of a few years or more can include bidirectional changes on the sub-grid level, such as the parallel expansion and abandonment of agricultural land (e.g. in shifting cultivation) or cropland–grassland conversion (and vice versa). These complex changes between classes within a grid cell have often been neglected in previous studies, and only net changes of land between natural vegetation cover, cropland and pastures accounted for, mainly because of a lack of reliable high-resolution historical information on gross land transitions, in combination with technical limitations within the models themselves. In the present study we applied a state-of-the-art dynamic global vegetation model with a detailed representation of croplands and carbon–nitrogen dynamics to quantify the uncertainty in terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks and fluxes arising from the choice between net and gross representations of LUC. We used three frequently applied global, one recent global and one recent European LUC datasets, two of which resolve gross land transitions, either in Europe or in certain tropical regions. When considering only net changes, land-use-transition uncertainties (expressed as 1 standard deviation around decadal means of four models) in global carbon emissions from LUC (ELUC) are ±0.19, ±0.66 and ±0.47 Pg C a−1 in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, respectively, or between 14 and 39 % of mean ELUC. Carbon stocks at the end of the 20th century vary by ±11 Pg C for vegetation and ±37 Pg C for soil C due to the choice of LUC reconstruction, i.e. around 3 % of the respective C pools. Accounting for sub-grid (gross) land conversions significantly increased the effect of LUC on global and European carbon stocks and fluxes, most noticeably enhancing global cumulative ELUC by 33 Pg C (1750–2014) and entailing a significant reduction in carbon stored in vegetation, although the effect on soil C stocks was limited. Simulations demonstrated that assessments of historical carbon stocks and fluxes are highly uncertain due to the choice of LUC reconstruction and that the consideration of different contrasting LUC reconstructions is needed to account for this uncertainty. The analysis of gross, in addition to net, land-use changes showed that the full complexity of gross land-use changes is required in order to accurately predict the magnitude of LUC change emissions. This introduces technical challenges to process-based models and relies on extensive information regarding historical land-use transitions

Can a “state of the art” chemistry transport model simulate Amazonian tropospheric chemistry?

We present an evaluation of a nested high-resolution Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem chemistry transport model simulation of tropospheric chemistry over tropical South America. The model has been constrained with two isoprene emission inventories: (1) the canopy-scale Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and (2) a leaf-scale algorithm coupled to the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS) dynamic vegetation model, and the model has been run using two different chemical mechanisms that contain alternative treatments of isoprene photo-oxidation. Large differences of up to 100 Tg C yr^(−1) exist between the isoprene emissions predicted by each inventory, with MEGAN emissions generally higher. Based on our simulations we estimate that tropical South America (30–85°W, 14°N–25°S) contributes about 15–35% of total global isoprene emissions. We have quantified the model sensitivity to changes in isoprene emissions, chemistry, boundary layer mixing, and soil NO_x emissions using ground-based and airborne observations. We find GEOS-Chem has difficulty reproducing several observed chemical species; typically hydroxyl concentrations are underestimated, whilst mixing ratios of isoprene and its oxidation products are overestimated. The magnitude of model formaldehyde (HCHO) columns are most sensitive to the choice of chemical mechanism and isoprene emission inventory. We find GEOS-Chem exhibits a significant positive bias (10–100%) when compared with HCHO columns from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the study year 2006. Simulations that use the more detailed chemical mechanism and/or lowest isoprene emissions provide the best agreement to the satellite data, since they result in lower-HCHO columns

BVOC ecosystem flux measurements at a high latitude wetland site

In this study, we present summertime concentrations and fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) measured at a sub-arctic wetland in northern Sweden using a disjunct eddy-covariance (DEC) technique based on a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The vegetation at the site was dominated by <i>Sphagnum</i>, <i>Carex</i> and extit{Eriophorum} spp. The measurements reported here cover a period of 50 days (1 August to 19 September 2006), approximately one half of the growing season at the site, and allowed to investigate the effect of day-to-day variation in weather as well as of vegetation senescence on daily BVOC fluxes, and on their temperature and light responses. The sensitivity drift of the DEC system was assessed by comparing H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>-ion cluster formed with water molecules (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(H<sub>2</sub>O) at m37) with water vapour concentration measurements made using an adjacent humidity sensor, and the applicability of the DEC method was analysed by a comparison of sensible heat fluxes for high frequency and DEC data obtained from the sonic anemometer. These analyses showed no significant PTR-MS sensor drift over a period of several weeks and only a small flux-loss due to high-frequency spectrum omissions. This loss was within the range expected from other studies and the theoretical considerations. <br><br> Standardised (20 °C and 1000 μmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> PAR) summer isoprene emission rates found in this study of 329 μg C m<sup>−2</sup> (ground area) h<sup>−1</sup> were comparable with findings from more southern boreal forests, and fen-like ecosystems. On a diel scale, measured fluxes indicated a stronger temperature dependence than emissions from temperate or (sub)tropical ecosystems. For the first time, to our knowledge, we report ecosystem methanol fluxes from a sub-arctic ecosystem. Maximum daytime emission fluxes were around 270 μg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> (ca. 100 μg C m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), and during most nights small negative fluxes directed from the atmosphere to the surface were observed

Future biogeochemical forcing in Eastern Siberia: cooling or warming?

Over-proportional warming in the northern high latitudes, and large carbon stocks in boreal and (sub)arctic ecosystems have raised concerns as to whether substantial positive climate feedbacks from biogeochemical process responses should be expected. Such feedbacks occur if increasing temperatures lead to e.g., a net release of CO2 or CH4. However, temperature-enhanced emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) have been shown to contribute to a cooling feedback via growth of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and related aerosol forcings. Combining measurements in Eastern Siberia with model-based estimates of vegetation and permafrost dynamics, BVOC emissions and aerosol growth, we show here that the additional climate forcing from changes in ecosystem CO2 balance and BVOC-SOA interactions nearly cancel on a regional scale. The interactions between emissions and vegetation dynamics that underlie individual forcing estimates are complex and highlight the importance of addressing ecosystem-climate feedbacks in consistent, process-based model frameworks that account for a multitude of system processes