DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM APLICATIVO COMPUTACIONAL PARA A RECOMENDAÇÃO DE ADUBAÇÃO E CALAGEM PARA A CULTURA DO MILHO (Zea mays L.) NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO, BRASIL

Increase grain production to meet the need for food of the population that grows every day is a challenge. For this it is important to use practices that maximize agricultural productivity, as well as the management of fertilization and liming. The recommendation of these inputs is following tables according to your area, so many of these recommendations is done wrongly, due to regional applicability. Thus it is necessary to have a system that can overcome these barriers, and that such recommendations have as much technical criteria, clarity, and responsibility in the rational use of fertilizers and, in addition to maximizing the net income of farmers. For this purpose, we developed software, where it was structured using Excel 2010 and logic functions. This application is used for fertilizers and recommend specifically for corn (Zea mays L.) and perform the classification of soil through particle size analysis for the Maranhão State. After the analysis of results was possible concluded your efficiency when compared with others commercials applications.   KEY-WORDS: correction, fertilizers, technical criterion.Aumentar a produção de grãos, para suprir a necessidade de alimento da população que cresce a cada dia, é um grande desafio. Para isso é importante que se utilize praticas que maximize a produtividade agrícola, bem como o manejo da adubação e calagem. A recomendação destes insumos seguem tabelas oficiais de acordo com sua região, assim muitas dessas recomendações é feita de maneira equivocada, devido à aplicabilidade regional. Desta forma é necessário que se tenha um sistema que possa superar essas barreiras, e que tais recomendações tenha o máximo critério técnico, clareza, responsabilidade no uso racional de fertilizantes e corretivos, além e maximizar a renda líquida dos produtores rurais. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um aplicativo computacional, onde o mesmo foi estruturado utilizando o Excel 2010 e funções lógicas. Este aplicativo é usado para recomendar fertilizantes e corretivos especificamente para cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) e realizar a classificação do solo através de analise granulométrica, para o Estado do Maranhão. Após a análise dos resultados foi possível verificar que o aplicativo construído se mostrou eficiente quando comparado com outros aplicativos existentes no mercado. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: corretivos, critério técnico, fertilizantes

DETERMINAÇÃO DO pH DE UM ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO distrófico INCUBADO COM APLICAÇÃO DE DOSES CRESCENTES DE CaCO3 POR DIFERENTES MÉTODOS

The objective of this work is to neutralize the effect of exchangeable acidity of a ULTISOL RED YELLOW dystrophic incubated with application of increasing doses of CaCO3. This work was performed at the Laboratory of Soil Science UEMA / CESI. Soil samples were collected in a ULTISOL RED YELLOW dystrophic in Exhibition Park of Imperatriz/MA, at 0-20 cm depth. After collecting the samples, they were carried to the laboratory, air-dried, then broken, passed through a sieve of 2 mm mesh size and homogenized and sample for chemical analysis routine. Soil samples were placed hatching increasing doses of calcium carbonate equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10 t / ha (CaCO3), with ten repetitions, in a completely randomized design. After 30 days the start of incubation was taken from each experimental samples to determine the pH in water and CaCl2 in order to perform the comparison and correlation of these methods to study the soil. Significant difference between the pH values ??and between the methods used in determining and intense mineralization of organic matter.   KEYWORDS: calcium chloride, correlation, water.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determina o pH de um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO distrófico por diferentes métodos após incubação com doses crescentes de CaCO3. O presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Solos da UEMA/CESI. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELHO distrófico no Parque de Exposição de Imperatriz/MA, na camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade. Após a coleta das amostras, estas foram conduzidas para o laboratório, secas ao ar, depois destorroados, passadas em peneira de 2 mm de abertura de malha e homogeneizadas e amostra da para análise química de rotina. As amostras de solo foram postas para incubação doses crescentes de carbonato de cálcio equivalentes a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 e 10 t.ha-1 (CaCO3), com dez repetições, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Após 30 dias o inicio de incubação foi feita amostras de cada unidade experimental para determinar o pH em água e em CaCl2, a fim de realizar a comparação e correlação destes métodos para o solo estudado. Houve diferença significativa entre os valores de pH e entre os métodos usados na determinação e intensa mineralização da matéria orgânica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: água, cloreto de cálcio, correlação

INCUBAÇÃO DE ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO distrófico COM APLICAÇÃO DE DOSES CRESCENTES DE CaCO3 PARA NEUTRALIZAÇÃO DA ACIDEZ TROCÁVEL

    The objective of this work is to neutralize the effect of exchangeable acidity of a RED-YELLOW ARGISOIL dystrophic incubated with application of increasing doses of CaCO3. This work was performed at the Laboratory of Soil Science UEMA / CESI. Soil samples were collected in a RED-YELLOW ARGISOIL dystrophic in Exhibition Park of Imperatriz/MA, at 0-20 cm depth. After collecting the samples, they were carried to the laboratory, air-dried, then broken, passed through a sieve of 2 mm mesh size and mixed and routed to the soil laboratory for routine analysis. Soil samples were placed hatching increasing doses of calcium carbonate equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10 t.ha-1 (CaCO3), with ten repetitions, in a completely randomized design. After 30 days the start of incubation was taken from each experimental samples to determine the exchangeable acidity (Al3+), in order to determine the equation of the curve and the neutralization of soil analysis. There were significant differences between treatments with respect to Al3+. The amount used to neutralize the exchangeable acidity determined by the regression equation for the study of soil in Exhibition Park of Imperatriz/MA was 8,8 t.ha-1 of CaCO3.   KEYWORDS: Aluminum. Neutralization curve. Production.        El objetivo de este estudio fue el de neutralizar el efecto de la acidez intercambiable de un ARGISSOL ROJO AMARILLO distrófico incubado con la aplicación de dosis crecientes de CaCO3. Este trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de Suelos UEMA/CESI. Las muestras de suelo se recogieron en ARGISSOL ROJO AMARILLO distrófico en Parque de Exposiciones de Imperatriz-MA en la profundidad de 0-20 cm. Después de recoger las muestras, se llevaron al laboratorio para secar al aire y destorroar pasandolas por una malla de 2 mm de tamaño para mezclar y envían al laboratorio de suelo para análisis de rutina. En las muestras de suelo se pusieron dosis crecientes de la eclosión equivalente a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 y 10 t ha-1 (CaCO3) carbonato de calcio, con diez repeticiones utilizando un diseño experimental aleatorizado. Trinta días después de el inicio de incubación fueran tomadas las muestras de cada unidad experimental para determinación de la acidez intercambiable (Al3+), con el fin de determinar la curva y la ecuación de neutralización de la acidez intercambiable del suelo. Hubo diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos con respecto ao Al3+. La cantidad utilizada para neutralizar la acidez intercambiable determinada por la ecuación de regresión para el suelo de el Parque de Exposiciones de Imperatriz-MA que fue de 8.8 t ha-1 CaCO3.   PALABRAS-CLAVE: Aluminio. La Producción. Curva de neutralización.    O objetivo deste trabalho foi neutralizar o efeito da acidez trocável de um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO distrófico incubado com aplicação de doses crescentes de CaCO3. O presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Solos da UEMA/CESI. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELHO distrófico no Parque de Exposição de Imperatriz-MA, na camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade. Após a coleta das amostras, estas foram conduzidas para o laboratório, secas ao ar, depois destorroados, passadas em peneira de 2 mm de abertura de malha e homogeneizadas e encaminhadas para o laboratório de solos para análise de rotina. Nas amostras de solo foram postas para incubação doses crescentes de carbonato de cálcio equivalentes a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 e 10 t.ha-1 (CaCO3), com dez repetições, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Após 30 dias do início de incubação foi feita amostras de cada unidade experimental para determinar a acidez trocável (Al3+), a fim de determinar a curva e equação de neutralização da acidez trocável do solo. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, em relação ao Al3+. A quantidade usada para neutralizar a acidez trocável determinada pela equação de regressão para o solo em estudo do Parque de Exposição de Imperatriz/MA foi de 8,8 t.ha-1 de CaCO3.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Alumínio. Curva de neutralização. Produção

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

RESPONSE FUNCTION FOR THE SRELATIVE INDEX IN CAMBISOL TREATED WITH AND WITHOUT BOVINE LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER

The present study aimed at assessing the influence of physical properties associated with soil structure on the Srelative index. Two soil conditions under Ficus carica L. cultivation were studied (with or without liquid bovine biofertilizer in the irrigation water), in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the above-mentioned layers and physical analyzes, pertinent to the study objective, were performed. The response function model was applied to verify how the soil independent physical variables influence on the Srelative index in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers, with 0 and 60% biofertilizer, being combined two to two. Once the response functions were known, the slopes of both functions were compared, being represented by the coefficients β11-β12 and β21-β22. This comparison enabled verifying whether there was an effect of the treatments on the response variable. In addition, the standard error of the difference between coefficients was calculated, and the Student's t-test applied. The method of multiple regression was also used to confirm the effect of the variables on the Srelative index for the 0-0.3 m layer in both treatments. Then, the variables with greater weight were selected by a backward elimination method to estimate the Srelative. The results showed that the Srelative index is strongly influenced by properties of the porous fraction, with total porosity and continuity of pores being of significant influence. Management with liquid bovine biofertilizer results in improvement in the soil structure, with effects measured by the Srelative index

RESPONSE FUNCTION FOR THE SRELATIVE INDEX IN CAMBISOL TREATED WITH AND WITHOUT BOVINE LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER

<div><p>ABSTRACT The present study aimed at assessing the influence of physical properties associated with soil structure on the Srelative index. Two soil conditions under Ficus carica L. cultivation were studied (with or without liquid bovine biofertilizer in the irrigation water), in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the above-mentioned layers and physical analyzes, pertinent to the study objective, were performed. The response function model was applied to verify how the soil independent physical variables influence on the Srelative index in the 0-0.1 m and 0-0.3 m layers, with 0 and 60% biofertilizer, being combined two to two. Once the response functions were known, the slopes of both functions were compared, being represented by the coefficients β11-β12 and β21-β22. This comparison enabled verifying whether there was an effect of the treatments on the response variable. In addition, the standard error of the difference between coefficients was calculated, and the Student's t-test applied. The method of multiple regression was also used to confirm the effect of the variables on the Srelative index for the 0-0.3 m layer in both treatments. Then, the variables with greater weight were selected by a backward elimination method to estimate the Srelative. The results showed that the Srelative index is strongly influenced by properties of the porous fraction, with total porosity and continuity of pores being of significant influence. Management with liquid bovine biofertilizer results in improvement in the soil structure, with effects measured by the Srelative index.</p></div

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data