Aceite de semilla de cardo mariano prensado en frío: propiedades físico-químicas, composición y análisis sensorial

Cold pressed oil was produced from milk thistle seeds, and its composition and sensorial properties were determined. The seeds were found to contain 14.98% oil, 17.31% protein and 4.14% ash. The peroxide value of the oil (11.39 meqO2/kg oil) was within acceptable limits according to codex, but the free fatty acidity value (3.45%) exceeded the limit. The oil melted at -20.18 °C and crystallized at -3.71 °C. Linoleic acid (51.97%), β-sitosterol (67.56 mg/100 g oil) and γ-tocopherol (53.60 mg/kg oil) were determined as the main components, respectively. Six sensory descriptive terms (sweet, spicy, raw vegetable, straw, roasted and throat-catching) were described for the oil. Consumer tests proved that cold-pressed milk thistle seed oil had intermediate acceptance scores and consumer satisfaction was moderate. In conclusion, it is thought that milk thistle seeds could be used for the production of edible gourmet oil. Further studies regarding the composition of the bio-active molecules in the oil are anticipated.Se obtuvo aceite prensado en frío a partir de semillas de cardo mariano y se determinó su composición y propiedades sensoriales. Se encontró que las semillas contenían 14,98% de aceite, 17,31% de proteína y 4,14% de ceniza. El índice de peróxido del aceite (11,39 meqO2/kg de aceite) se encontraba dentro del límite aceptable según el Codex, pero el índice de acidez libre (3,45 %) excedía el límite. El aceite fundió a -20,18°C y cristalizó a -3,71°C. Se determinaron como componentes principales el ácido linoleico (51,97%), β-sitosterol (67,56 mg/100 g de aceite) y γ-tocoferol (53,60 mg/kg de aceite), respectivamente. Se describieron en el aceite seis términos descriptivos sensoriales: dulce, picante, vegetal crudo, pajizo, asado y pegajoso. Las pruebas de consumo demostraron que el aceite de semilla de cardo mariano prensado en frío tenía puntuaciones de aceptación intermedias y la satisfacción del consumidor era moderada. En conclusión, se cree que las semillas de cardo mariano podrían utilizarse para la producción de aceite gourmet comestible. Se requieren más estudios sobre la composición de moléculas bioactivas del aceite

Quantificação e caracterização de óleos de canola, carinata e crambe produzidos no Centro-Oeste brasileiro.

As oleaginosas da família Brassicaceae, como canola (Brassica napus), carinata (Brassica carinata) e crambe (Crambe abyssinica), apresentam alto teor de óleo e composições de ácidos graxos que têm atraído o interesse de diferentes segmentos industriais. O cultivo dessas espécies no Cerrado, em safrinha, é uma alternativa para a rotação de culturas e diversificação da matriz produtiva do Brasil na oferta de óleos vegetais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar os óleos dessas três espécies a partir de grãos produzidos na região de Cerrado, em safrinha. Os materiais de canola Nuola 300, de carinata e de crambe variedade FMS 1 Brilhante foram produzidos em Planaltina, DF, de março a junho, na safra de 2022, e seus teores de óleo foram determinados pelo método de Ankom. Os óleos foram caracterizados quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos, acidez e estabilidade oxidativa. A canola apresentou 37,4% de óleo, sendo composto majoritariamente de ácido oleico (62,1%); a carinata teve 35,4% de óleo e 42,1% de ácido erúcico; e o crambe apresentou 35,13% de óleo e 56,3% de ácido erúcico. A maior estabilidade oxidativa foi observada no óleo de crambe, que teve 25,5 horas, seguido da carinata, 9,6 horas, e da canola, 8,7 horas. Todos os óleos apresentaram baixa acidez: óleo de canola, 0,6%; óleo de crambe, 0,42%; óleo de carinata, 0,21%

Physico-chemical properties of the oils and fat from crotalaria cleomifolia seeds

The seeds of C. cleomifolia (locally known as kacang hantu) collected along Simpang Pulai - Berinchang Road, Cameron Highlands, was defatted with hexane and the resulting oil was analysed for their physico-chemical properties. The percentage yield of the oil was calculated as 5.3%. The acid value (1.2%), iodine value (85), peroxide value (0.6), saponification value (192.0) and unsaponifiable matter (2.3%) were determined to assess the quality of the oil. The physico-chemical characterisation showed that C. cleomifolia seeds oil is unsaturated semi-drying oil, with high saponifi cation and acidic values. The fatty acid composition of C. cleomifolia seed oil was determined by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (ToF). The seed oil of C. cleomifolia contained linoleic acid (57.59%) and palmitic acid (5.07%), the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The polyunsaturated triacylglycerol (TAG) in C. cleomifolia seed oil determined by reverse phase High performance Liquid Chromatography; contained as PLL (18.04%) followed by POL + SLL (11.92%), OOL (7.04%) and PLLn (6.31%). The melting and cooling point of the oil were 16.22°C and -33.54°C, respectively

Encapsulated fish oil products available in the UK meet regulatory guidelines with respect to EPA + DHA contents and oxidative status

Encapsulated fish oil products continue to be of high interest, particularly concerning labelling claims and oxidative status. Thus, the present study analysed twenty‐three encapsulated fish oil products from the UK for their lipid and fatty acid composition as well as oxidation parameters. Oil contents ranged from 91.4‐118.9% of the manufacturers stated level. Lipid class analyses revealed three different types of oil products consisting of either triacylglycerol (TAG), ethyl ester (EE) or in combination (EE/TAG). Fatty acid profiles varied according to oil form with long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), more concentrated in EE compared to TAG‐based oils with TAG/EE oils containing intermediary levels. Twelve products had EPA + DHA contents lower than advertised, although this was reduced to 11 when the actual measured capsule oil content was taken into consideration. All products had peroxide (PV) and anisidine values below those set by pharmacopeias, although four products had a PV above the industry set limit of 5 meq.kg−1. No relationships were found between oxidative parameters and missing EPA + DHA contents, although a significant relationship was observed between PV and days to expiry. In summary, encapsulated fish oil products on the UK market are not oxidized and meet regulatory guidelines with respect to EPA + DHA contents and oxidative status. Practical Applications: The study highlights the importance of quantifying the actual capsule oil content when determining EPA + DHA levels with respect to label claims. Furthermore, it also places results into context regarding regulatory guidelines demonstrating to regulatory bodies and consumers alike that UK fish oil products do meet specification and are not oxidised

Encapsulated fish oil products available in the UK meet regulatory guidelines with respect to EPA + DHA contents and oxidative status

Encapsulated fish oil products continue to be of high interest, particularly concerning labelling claims and oxidative status. Thus, the present study analysed twenty‐three encapsulated fish oil products from the UK for their lipid and fatty acid composition as well as oxidation parameters. Oil contents ranged from 91.4‐118.9% of the manufacturers stated level. Lipid class analyses revealed three different types of oil products consisting of either triacylglycerol (TAG), ethyl ester (EE) or in combination (EE/TAG). Fatty acid profiles varied according to oil form with long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), more concentrated in EE compared to TAG‐based oils with TAG/EE oils containing intermediary levels. Twelve products had EPA + DHA contents lower than advertised, although this was reduced to 11 when the actual measured capsule oil content was taken into consideration. All products had peroxide (PV) and anisidine values below those set by pharmacopeias, although four products had a PV above the industry set limit of 5 meq.kg−1. No relationships were found between oxidative parameters and missing EPA + DHA contents, although a significant relationship was observed between PV and days to expiry. In summary, encapsulated fish oil products on the UK market are not oxidized and meet regulatory guidelines with respect to EPA + DHA contents and oxidative status. Practical Applications: The study highlights the importance of quantifying the actual capsule oil content when determining EPA + DHA levels with respect to label claims. Furthermore, it also places results into context regarding regulatory guidelines demonstrating to regulatory bodies and consumers alike that UK fish oil products do meet specification and are not oxidised

Evaluation of total and non-fatty ether extract in feeds and cattle feces using two analytical methods

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate ether extract (EE) concentrations, pigments, and wax in forages (n=14), concentrates (n=23), and cattle feces (n=100) using extraction methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC; method 920.39) and American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS; method Am 5-04). The EE contents were compared by adjusting a linear regression model for each sample type. For the feces and forage samples, the EE contents produced by the AOCS method were greater (P<0.05) compared to those obtained using the AOAC method. No differences between methods were observed in EE content of concentrates (P>0.05). Concentration of vegetable pigments and wax were evaluated by using analysis for variance. Vegetable pigments were lower (P<0.05) in the post-extraction residues using the AOCS method, than the AOAC method, indicating greater participation of vegetable pigments in the EE. No differences were observed between the methods in wax concentration of the post-extraction residues (P>0.05). The quantification method of the EE content that is recommended by AOCS is not suggested for analyses of forage and feces of ruminants because it possibly increases the removal of non-fatty material, mostly pigments, in comparison to the method recommended by AOAC

Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil

Recently, biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic and the industrial community. In this study, crude palm oil (CPO) containing 8.7% free fatty acid content (FFA) was used as raw material. Different common types of acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid) were optimized to investigate the catalytic activity of each acid in the pre-treatment of CPO by the esterification process. Ultrasonic energy was used for the reduction of FFA in CPO. FFA content was measured at different sonication intervals, and the optimum time was determined. Hydrochloric acid showed the highest catalytic activity in the reduction of FFA content in CPO, as well as in converting FFA to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). From this work, it is reasonable to conclude that there is significant enhancement in the pre-treatment of oils by applying ultrasonic energy using long sonication time.Keywords: Biodiesel, crude palm oil, free fatty acids, ultrasonic energ

Used frying oil biodiesel production: experimental factorial design and multivariate analysis

<div align="justify">Biodiesel é derivado de fontes renováveis ereduz significativamente as emissões atmosféricas. Pode serobtido de diversos processos, como a alcoolise. Nestetrabalho, o biodiesel foi produzido através da alcoolise doóleo de fritura usado de indústrias de alimentação. Umplanejamento experimental foi utilizado e os produtos dereação foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa (CG)espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com acessório dereflexão total atenuada horizontal (IV-HATR) e análiseexploratória por análise de componentes principais (PCA) eanálise hierárquica de grupos (HCA). De acordo com ascondições analisadas obteve-se alta conversão em ésteresmetílicos. Por IV-HATR, a conversão máxima foi observadaem condições experimentais de temperatura ( 50 e 60°C),concentração de catalisador (0,6 e 1,2%) e a 1:8 de relaçãomolar entre óleo e metanol. Também foi possíveldiscriminar por análise quimiométrica, 4 grupos noplanejamento experimental e determinar as melhorescondições para a produção de biodiesel de óleo de friturausado.<br><br>Abstract Biodiesel is derived from renewable sources and it significantly reduces atmospheric emissions. It can be obtained byseveral processes, such as alcoholysis. In this work, biodiesel was produced through alcoholysis of used frying oil from a cateringbusiness. An experimental factorial design was used and the reaction products were analyzed through gas chromatography (GC),horizontal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (HATR/FT-IR) spectroscopy and exploratory analysis withprincipal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Under the conditions analyzed, a high degree ofconversion to methyl ester was found. As shown by HATR/FT-IR, the maximum conversion was obtained when the experimentalconditions had the temperature ( 50 e 60°C), largest catalyst concentration (0,6 e 1,2%) and a 1:8 molar proportion of oil tomethanol. It was possible to discriminate, through chemometrics analysis, four groups in the proposed experimental factorialdesign and determine the better condition for biodiesel production from used frying oil.</div

Enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon oil by native lipases: optimization of process parameters

In an attempt to concentrate the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in the residual acylglycerol, salmon oil (n-3 PUFA content of 30.1%) was hydrolyzed with three kinds of native microbial lipases (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus javanicus and Penicillium solitum). For each lipase, a response surface methodology was used to obtain maximum PUFA content and to optimize the parameters of enzymatic reactions with respect to important reaction variables; temperature (X1), amount of lipases (X2) and water/oil ratio (X3). Based on these results, optimal reaction conditions were established. Aspergillus niger lipase was the most effective in concentrating n-3 PUFA. The degree of hydrolysis (60%) led to an increase in the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content from 14.4% in the original oil to 34.0% (2.4-fold enrichment) in the residual acylglycerol under optimum conditions: enzyme concentration of 500 U g-1 oil, reaction temperature of 45 ºC and water/oil mass rate of 2:1 (m/m) after 24 h reaction.Três lipases microbianas nativas (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus javanicus e Penicillium solitum) foram utilizadas na hidrólise do óleo de salmão (teor de AGPI n-3 de 30,1%) com o objetivo de concentrar o conteúdo de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 (AGPI n-3) nos acilgliceróis residuais. A metodologia de planejamento experimental e análise de superfície de resposta foi usada para se chegar às condições otimizadas de cada reação enzimática, utilizando as seguintes variáveis; temperatura (X1), quantidade de lipase (X2) e taxa de água/óleo (X3). Com base nos resultados do planejamento, a lipase de Aspergillus niger foi a mais eficiente na concentração dos AGPI n-3, sendo que as condições ótimas de reação foram: concentração de enzima de 500 U g-1 óleo, temperatura 45 ºC e taxa de água/óleo de 2:1 m/m após 24 h de reação. O grau de hidrólise (60%) conduziu a um aumento do conteúdo de ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) de 14,4% para 34,0% (enriquecimento de 2,4 vezes) nos acilgliceróis residuais após a hidrólise do óleo de salmão.117124Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Deacidification of Camelina sativa L. seed oil by Physisorption method and characterization of produced biodiesel

According to India's National Biofuel Policy, only non-edible oilseed crops can be used for the biofuel feedstock. In this context, Camelina sativa is one such plant that fulfils all the criteria defined by the Biofuel policies of India. So, the present investigation was aimed to examine C. sativa seed oil capabilities as a biodiesel feedstock. Oil was deacidified via adsorption method applying Silica Gel as an adsorbent. The highest efficacy was obtained when 1:9 (Silica gel: oil) ratio was applied and the acid value was reduced from 6.45 to 2.78 mg KOH/g. Furthermore, oil was transesterified using methanol in the ratio of 1:6 (oil: methanol molar ratio) and 0.8 % (w/w of oil) of KOH as a catalyst at 70 ?C. The produced biodiesel was analyzed in terms of fuel-specific parameters and results were compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The results were very much satisfactory and under the limits specified by the ASTM standards. The results revealed that oil to biodiesel conversion was 92.28 % with an acid value of 0.37 mg KOH/g. The measured Iodine value was 152 gI2/100g indicated the high unsaturation. Still, Camelina biodiesel showed oxidation stability of 6 h., which was a decent value compared to this much unsaturation. The sulphur content was also higher (24 ppm) than the specified limit (15 ppm). Besides, the fuel-specific parameters like sulphur content and iodine value were under the ASTM limits