The Impact of Western Culture on the Transformation of Residential Patterns in One of the Heritage Areas in Baghdad (Neighborhood CREMAT / Salhiya - Baghdad Model)

The traditional housing of Baghdadi has undergone many transformations in the past century. This is noticed in many districts of traditional Baghdad and its heritage. In this period, architectural styles with Western influences were observed as a result of the political conditions and foreign colonization that swept the country. German architecture, English and French and other models in our old heritage stores, especially in the neighborhood of CREMAT in Salhia - Baghdad. With this level of complexity of the models, we have to disclose and study during the research process to reach the mechanisms and adaptation of Western models designed for an environment of a different nature adapted to our environment and the local Baghdad and take advantage of these global experiences in the design process. Therefore, the research highlighted the influence of Western culture on our Baghdadi architectural culture to preserve the landmarks of the past so that future children can see it. Ever since man's historical awareness of the past, the present and the future, he tried to record his present and preserve his past for the future. The urban heritage reflects the cultural identity of man: his past, his present and his future. Our Baghdad Municipality has been characterized by functional organization of the elements of the house, relying on the internal courtyard to provide the necessary privacy to the population and the use of local construction materials such as bricks, plaster, stone and palms and the use of the sheds in the internal atmosphere of the rooms. All examples of Baghdadi heritage architecture share a distinctive architectural character that belongs to the region and reflects all of its cultural, environmental and social conditions. Therefore, the research will try to reach the impact of these civilizations on the Baghdadi style, especially in the residential architecture of Baghdad. The objective of the research was to describe the effects of Western culture on the architectural style of the Salhia area and its adaptation to the local style of the region while attempting to come up with new and traditional indicators of transformation in residential patterns. In order to address the research problem, which is the phenomenon of divergence in the decisions of the traditional residential patterns in the locality of the CREMAT - Salhia, and to verify the goal of the desired research, the research plan is to analyze the chronological sequence of the ancient models in the region and identifying the identity of each model and then how to diagnose changes in traditional architectural styles through its holistic calendar and the appearance of the architectural style of the Salhia in this architectural form. The results showed the impact of Western cultures on the identity of the Baghdad residential area

Association between polymorphism of the CRP gene rs1130864 and hypertension among Iraqi hypertensive patients

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) a reactant of the acute phase and a measure of persistent low-grade inflammatory processes. Objectives of this paper to the role of rs1130864 polymorphism in CRP gene among Iraqi hypertensive patients.Methods: Samples of blood were collected from patients with hypertension and controls, their age (37 to 75). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was used to calculate the risk score for the disease of hypertension, Moreover, PCR/SNP (specific primers) was used to do genotyping.Results: HWE analysis of hypertensive patients and controls showed that the rs1130864 genotypes were in agreement with the equilibrium, without differences clear between the observed and expected genotype frequencies (p >0.153, 0.238). The frequencies of genotype and alleles were compared in hypertensive patients with controls, with no significant differences. The common GG genotype of rs1130864 recorded a significant increase in hypertensive patients and controls and was regarded as a preventative fraction (RR = 0.76), whilst, GA , AA genotype were considered the etiological fraction (RR = 1.06, 2.59) and associated with hypertension. Compared to A allele, which might be the cause of the disease, G allele might be preventive.Conclusion: The findings showed that the Iraqi population's GA, AA genotype, and A allele are risk factors for hypertension. However, the need for additional findings utilizing bigger samples is needed are necessary to verify our findings.Keywords: Hypertension; C-reactive protein; Polymorphism, 1444G>A; rs1130864   

Synthesis, Characterization and study biologicalactivity of several 1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylimidyl Containing oxadiazole and Benzothiazole

In this work involved prepared of several new 1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylimide linked to oxadiazole and benzothiazole moiety were synthesized by two steps: The first step 2-amino-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole were reaction with 1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxyl anhydride producing N-( 5- substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxyl amic acids and N-(Substitutedbenzothiazole-2-yl)-1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxyl amic acids which in turn were dehydrated in the second step via fusion method to afford he desirable N-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)-1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylimides and N-(Substituted benzothiazole-2-yl)1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylimides respectively. Structures of the prepared compounds were characterized by depending on FTIR, U.V spectral data which were in agreement with the proposed ones. Finally antibacterial activity of some of the prepared new cyclic imides were studied by two types of bacteria and the results showed that the most of the tested imides posses good biological activity against these bacteria

Real Estate Investment Contract A comparative study

Real estate investment is one of the investment tools that can be adopted in achieving economic development. This has called for many states to organize it carefully with special legislation. However, as a result of the lack of regulation by private legislation by some countries such as Iraq, the difference appeared in its legal adaptation between a named and an unnamed contract. Because this regulation in laws related to investment and real estate development. It is an unnamed contract in Iraqi law, and it is named in French, Egyptian, Emirati, Qatari, and Bahraini law. As a result of organizing this contract in the formula of prepared forms in advance by the first party that does not accept negotiation and changes in its terms in the contract, it can be adapted as a contract of compliance. And since registration is a fundamental pillar of the contracts contained in real estate transactions in Iraqi legislation, we can say that real estate investment contracts contained in incompletely constructed real estate are nothing but incomplete external contracts. On the contrary, with regard to legislation that adopts the principle of transfer of ownership as soon as the contract is concluded, such as the French Civil Code, which does not consider formality as a pillar or condition in the transfer of real estate ownership. In addition, this contract is of a special, independent nature, which distinguishes it from other contracts that are similar to it, and the seller’s obligation in it is an obligation to achieve a result, and not an obligation to exercise care, and this result is represented in the delivery of the real estate unit agreed upon, according to the specifications set by the two parties before. If one of the parties breaches the contract, the responsibility of defaulting party will follow through with the realization of his contractual responsibility, which can be defined as - the legal system that aims to redress the damage that occurs to the injured person from the investment contract as a result of the action of the other party and according to the legal controls. The aim of proving this responsibility is to remove the effect of The harmful act by means of compensation. And if the responsibility of the investment companies is achieved through the realization of its pillars, its legal effects must be followed, and perhaps the most prominent effects achieved from it are the liability lawsuit and the consequences of this lawsuit that have been clarified in the research

Controlling the Growth of Local Isolates of Listeria Monocytogenes by Using Some Chemicals Preservatives

This study include using of some chemical preservative  against local isolates of Listeria monocytogenes , the effects of different concentrations of some generally regarded as save (GRAS) preservatives were studied on growth and survival of L. monocytogenes. These preservatives included salts of organic acid   (sodium acetate and sodium benzoate) which inhibit growth of the bacterium at (25%) w/v concentration,  also the effects  of different concentrations of  inorganic salt food additives sodium chloride were studied, which inhibit   the growth of  L. monocytogenes  at (15%) w/v concentration . On the other hand the growth and survival of L. monocytogenes at different concentrations of two generally recognized as safe acids (lactic acid and acetic acid ) was determined , the growth of  bacterium was completely inhibited at (55mM) concentration of acetic acid  and at  ( 65mM ) of lactic acid .  Controlling of L. monocytogenes by tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) by dipping of artificially contaminated chicken meat in (10%) of TSP for (10) min.,  significantly reduced the population of the pathogen on the surface of meat to standard safe limit.So the study aimed to determining the effect of some chemical preservatives (acetic acid, lactic acid, sodium benzoate , sodium acetate and sodium chloride) on growth   of local isolats of   L. monocytogenes which isolated from different food sources in Erbil  and Koya city

Neurotoxicity of xylazine in chicks

Despite the widespread use of xylazine in veterinary medicine, studies on its neurotoxicity are limited. So, our current study aims to reveal its neurotoxicity in chicks by determining the (LD50) of xylazine in Dixon's procedure. Moreover, it aims to study the effects of a small and repeated dose of xylazine on neurobehavioral test and the toxic doses of xylazine on the concentration of (glycine and glutamate) in the plasma of chicks and on the brain tissue after 60 and 90 minutes of injection. The LD50 of xylazine by injection into the chest muscle was 26.65 mg/kg. The injection of xylazine at a dose of 3 and 6 mg/kg in the chest muscle for three consecutive days caused an inhibition in motor activity within the open field as well as a significant elevation in the tonic immobility test response, injection of xylazine at doses 48.96 mg/kg ,60 and 90 minutes after the injection led to a significant increase in the glycine concentration as well as a significant decrease in glutamate after 90 minutes in the plasma of chicks, accompanied by histological variation in the brain tissue characterized by necrosis of neurons, vasogenic edema, neurophagia, cavities, infarction, necrosis of Purkinjean cell with decrees in the number of it. Our results revealed that xylazine had neurotoxic effects in chicks, represented by inhibition of neural behavior and motor activity within the open field, accompanied by a change in the concentration of glycine and glutamate in the plasma of chicks and histological variation in the brain tissue of chicks

Bioprospecting desert plant Bacillus endophytic strains for their potential to enhance plant stress tolerance

© 2019, The Author(s). Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to increase plant tolerance to several abiotic stresses, specifically those from dry and salty environments. In this study, we examined the endophyte bacterial community of five plant species growing in the Thar desert of Pakistan. Among a total of 368 culturable isolates, 58 Bacillus strains were identified from which the 16 most divergent strains were characterized for salt and heat stress resilience as well as antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities. When the 16 Bacillus strains were tested on the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana, B. cereus PK6-15, B. subtilis PK5-26 and B. circulans PK3-109 significantly enhanced plant growth under salt stress conditions, doubling fresh weight levels when compared to uninoculated plants. B. circulans PK3-15 and PK3-109 did not promote plant growth under normal conditions, but increased plant fresh weight by more than 50% when compared to uninoculated plants under salt stress conditions, suggesting that these salt tolerant Bacillus strains exhibit PGP traits only in the presence of salt. Our data indicate that the collection of 58 plant endophytic Bacillus strains represents an important genomic resource to decipher plant growth promotion at the molecular level

Soil and Rhizosphere Associated Fungi in Gray Mangroves (Avicennia marina) from the Red Sea — A Metagenomic Approach

Covering a quarter of the world’s tropical coastlines and being one of the most threatened ecosystems, mangroves are among the major sources of terrestrial organic matter to oceans and harbor a wide microbial diversity. In order to protect, restore, and better understand these ecosystems, researchers have extensively studied their microbiology, yet few surveys have focused on their fungal communities. Our lack of knowledge is even more pronounced for specific fungal populations, such as the ones associated with the rhizosphere. Likewise, the Red Sea gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) remain poorly characterized, and understanding of their fungal communities still relies on cultivation-dependent methods. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic datasets from gray mangrove rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected in the Red Sea coast, to obtain a snapshot of their fungal communities. Our data indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum (76%–85%), while Basidiomycota was less abundant (14%–24%), yet present in higher numbers than usually reported for such environments. Fungal communities were more stable within the rhizosphere than within the bulk soil, both at class and genus level. This finding is consistent with the intrinsic patchiness in soil sediments and with the selection of specific microbial communities by plant roots. Our study indicates the presence of several species on this mycobiome that were not previously reported as mangrove-associated. In particular, we detected representatives of several commercially-used fungi, e.g., producers of secreted cellulases and anaerobic producers of cellulosomes. These results represent additional insights into the fungal community of the gray mangroves of the Red Sea, and show that they are significantly richer than previously reported

Rhizosphere microbiome metagenomics of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) in the Red Sea

AbstractMangroves are unique, and endangered, coastal ecosystems that play a vital role in the tropical and subtropical environments. A comprehensive description of the microbial communities in these ecosystems is currently lacking, and additional studies are required to have a complete understanding of the functioning and resilience of mangroves worldwide.In this work, we carried out a metagenomic study by comparing the microbial community of mangrove sediment with the rhizosphere microbiome of Avicennia marina, in northern Red Sea mangroves, along the coast of Saudi Arabia. Our results revealed that rhizosphere samples presented similar profiles at the taxonomic and functional levels and differentiated from the microbiome of bulk soil controls. Overall, samples showed predominance by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with high abundance of sulfate reducers and methanogens, although specific groups were selectively enriched in the rhizosphere. Functional analysis showed significant enrichment in ‘metabolism of aromatic compounds’, ‘mobile genetic elements’, ‘potassium metabolism’ and ‘pathways that utilize osmolytes’ in the rhizosphere microbiomes.To our knowledge, this is the first metagenomic study on the microbiome of mangroves in the Red Sea, and the first application of unbiased 454-pyrosequencing to study the rhizosphere microbiome associated with A. marina. Our results provide the first insights into the range of functions and microbial diversity in the rhizosphere and soil sediments of gray mangrove (A. marina) in the Red Sea